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There are high rates of inequality between birth outcomes across wealthy and impoverished neighborhoods in the Netherlands. The most pronounced inequalities can be found in Rotterdam, where the rate of perinatal mortality is 10 times higher in the poorest neighborhoods than in the richest neighborhoods. With such high rates of inequality, the Netherlands is home to one of the highest recorded disparities in birth outcomes across neighborhoods in any developed country. Substantial inequalities are not only found across neighborhoods, but also across different social groups. Women of low socio-economic status and/or with a non-Western ethnic minority background show the worst birth outcomes. Reducing inequalities in birth outcomes has become a primary concern for the Dutch government. In line with this concern, this thesis aims to increase our understanding of reproductive health inequalities (and birth outcomes, in particular) and to propose ways for addressing them. More specifically, this thesis focuses on two themes that have been identified by two recent scientific reports as key to reducing reproductive health inequalities: a) improving pregnancy-related health behaviors and b) strengthening coordination between midwives and obstetric caregivers.

A growing number of studies emphasize the working alliance between the client and the coach to be a key factor in coaching. Synthesizing 27 samples ( N = 3563 coaching processes), this meta-analysis sheds light on the relationship between working alliance and a broad range of coaching outcomes for clients. The meta-analytic results indicate a moderate and consistent overall relationship between a high-quality working alliance and coaching outcomes for clients ( r = .41, 95% CI [.34, .48], p < .001). Working alliance was positively related to all desirable coaching outcomes (range: r = .32 to .64), with the strongest relationship to affective and cognitive coaching outcomes. Moreover, working alliance was negatively related to unintended negative effects of coaching ( r = –.29). Results revealed no differences regarding the type of clients, coaches' expertise, number of coaching sessions, and clients' or coaches' perspectives. Similar to other helping relationships like psychotherapy or mentoring, the results support the importance of a high-quality working alliance in coaching.

Teams with strong faultlines often do not achieve their full potential because their functioning is impaired. We argue that strong diversity beliefs held by team leaders mitigate the negative impact of socio-demographic and experience-based faultlines on team functioning. In a heterogeneous multisource field sample of 217 employees nested in 44 teams and their leaders, we tested our assumptions. Results of a path-analytic model showed that socio-demographic faultlines were negatively related to perceived cohesion and positively related to perceived loafing. The impact of socio-demographic faultlines on team functioning was less detrimental when leaders held strong diversity beliefs. Against our expectations, we found no support for an impact of experience-based faultlines on perceived cohesion or a moderating role of leaders' diversity beliefs in this context. Potential explanations for these results and implications for organizations and team leaders are discussed.

"Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war die Untersuchung der bildungsrelevanten Vorerfahrungen von Schulanfängern (N=3.960) im Hinblick auf den kulturellen Hintergrund und die Bildung ihrer Eltern. 39 Prozent der befragten Eltern hatten einen Migrationshintergrund. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Schulbildung der Eltern und ihren Einstellungen sowie den Lerngelegenheiten für ihre Kinder war in allen Gruppen erkennbar, wenn auch in unterschiedlicher Ausprägung. Kinder aus zugewanderten Familien sahen insgesamt mehr fern, ihre Eltern maßen dem Vorlesen weniger Bedeutung bei und die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass sie an extracurricularen Aktivitäten teilnahmen, war geringer. Ihre Eltern erwarteten eine höhere Übernahme von Verantwortung für Bildung von den Kindergärten sowie für Disziplin von den Schulen. Fast alle Kinder besuchten eine Kindertagesstätte, jedoch war die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines verkürzten Besuchs von maximal zwei Jahren am höchsten bei Kindern aus zugewanderten Familien mit geringer elterlicher Schulbildung. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf Empfehlungen diskutiert." (Autorenreferat)

F hrende Intensivmediziner haben f r den Band alle Themen der interdisziplin ren Intensivmedizin pr zise und aktuell aufbereitet: Diagnostik und Therapie, Monitoringverfahren sowie Krankheitsbilder und Notf lle. Abschnitte zu speziellen Disziplinen (Kardiologie, Chirurgie, Gastroenterologie) sowie zu ethischen, psychosozialen und pflegerischen Aspekten helfen bei schwierigen Entscheidungen im Alltag. Auch neue Themen wie palliative Intensivmedizin werden ber cksichtigt. Die 11. Auflage erscheint komplett berarbeitet und aktualisiert

Das Wohlergehen von Kindern wird als relevante Zielgröße familienpolitischen Handelns betrachtet. Aus entwicklungsbezogenen Individualdaten im Datensatz des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) und der Erweiterungsstudie "Familien in Deutschland" (FiD) werden mittels theoriegestützter konfirmatorischer Faktorenanalysen für die untersuchten Altersgruppen zunächst Indikatoren 1. Ordnung für das Wohlergehen von Kindern generiert und diese auf ihre Messmodelleigenschaften überprüft. In einem zweiten Schritt werden die so gewonnenen Indikatoren zu altersspezifischen Wohlergehensfaktoren 2. Ordnung mit gutem Fit mit den Daten zusammengefasst. Verschiedene Kontextvariablen (Familienstatus, außerfamiliäre Betreuung, ökonomische und subjektive Belastung der Familie, Gesundheitsstatus), die durch politisches Handeln unterschiedlich beeinflussbar sind, werden mit einem Strukturgleichungsmodell auf ihre Wirkung auf das kindliche Wohlergehen geprüft. Kombinierte subjektive und ökonomische Belastung von Eltern wirkt sich auf negativ auf das Wohlergehen von Kindern aus, der Gesundheitszustand der Kinder spielt eine vermittelnde Rolle, und diese Effekte sind durch andere Kontextfaktoren (außerfamiliäre Betreuung, Häufigkeit dyadisch-didaktischer Interaktion) in ihrer Wirkung moderierbar. Die Implikationen für die Familienpolitik werden diskutiert. ; Summary: Child well-being is a highly relevant goal of family policy. Based on individual developmental data from the Socio-oeconomic Panel and an extension study, domain-specific well-being indicators were derived using confirmatory factor analyses for five age groups (Newborns, 2-3, 5-6, 7-8, and 9-10 years). The specific indicators can be combined into a general well-being index with good fit to the data. Contextual variables, like family structure, economic stress, child health, and use of day care, which can be modified in varying degrees by family policy measures explain significant, albeit relatively small, proportions of the variance of this general well-being indicator as shown using structural equation modeling. The generally negative effect of subjective and objective economic hardship and concerns regarding child well-being can be modified by certain parent-child interactions and by participation in child care. Implications of these observations for family policy are discussed.

AbstractIn this study, we explored the everyday experiences of 40 infants from families who migrated recently from Central America to the US. Another 42 infants from middle class families of Euro‐American background were included to facilitate the evaluation of our methodology and findings. Detailed descriptions of the previous 24 hours were obtained by interviewing the mothers when their infants were 8 and 12 months of age. The infants' experiences and activities were very similar in both groups, and the effects of the mothers', fathers' or others' presence on ongoing activities were similar, too. The groups differed with regard to (1) the circadian distribution of activities, (2) opportunities for interactions with various people, and (3) the differences between weekdays and weekends. Overall, the social worlds of the Central American children were characterized by the simultaneous presence of several people and thus by multiple social partners. The social worlds of the Euro‐American children were characterized by more opportunities for dyadic interactions and by exposure to fewer partners.