Suchergebnisse

Wissengraphen, und insbesondere die Entstehung und Evolution der sogenannten Linked Open Data Cloud im Internet, ermöglichen es - im Prinzip - ungeheure Mengen von Fakten und Bedeutungen miteinander zu verknüpfen. Die Linked Open Data Cloud ist ein Netzwerk, das aus Milliarden von Wissensbausteinen, einschließlich von Systemen der Ordnung des Wissens besteht. So finden sich neben Fakten Ontologien, Taxonomien, Klassifikationen, Thesauri und andere Systeme der Wissensorganisation, zugänglich für Menschen und Computer. Die Katalogisierung in Bibliotheken erlaubt uns den Zugang zu Wissen in Büchern über Jahrhunderte hinweg; aber Wissensorganisation umfasst auch Denkmodelle, die ein strukturiertes, gemeinsames Nachdenken möglich machen. Dieses Buch dokumentiert, wie die heutigen Möglichkeiten des Web, diese Breite von Wissensorganisation beeinflusst. Mit Beiträgen von Sören Auer, Gerard Coen, Kathleen Gregory, Mohamad Yaser Jaradeh, Daniel Martínez Ávila, Philipp Mayr, Allard Oelen, Cristina Pattuelli, Tobias Renwick, Andrea Scharnhorst, Ronald Siebes, Aida Slavic, Richard P Smiraglia, Markus Stocker, Rick Szostak, Marnix van Berchum, Charles van den Heuvel, J. Bradford Young, Veruska Zamborlini und Marcia Zeng.

This article addresses the need to problematize "cases" in science and technology studies (STS) work, as a middle-range theory issue. The focus is not on any one case study per se, but on why case studies exist and endure in STS. Case studies are part of a specific problematization in the field. We therefore explore relations between motivation for the use of cases (especially ethnographic ones), their constitution, and ways they can be invoked to make particular kinds of arguments in STS. We set out to examine the case as an object that links together research practices, intellectual debates, and programmatic concerns in our own work. Based on our experiences and on this reflection on the links between cases and questions in STS, we propose a number of casemaking strategies that shift and enrich the deployment of ethnographic cases as an epistemic tool in STS.

AbstractThis article develops a modeling framework that allows a formal description of evolutionary processes in social and biological systems. An enumerable set of fields (chemical sorts, biological species, technologies, areas of scientific endeavor, and so on) is considered, each field being characterized by the number and properties of its representatives (occupying elements). By introducing probabilities for the elementary processes of spontaneous generation, identical self‐reproduction, error reproduction, death, and transition to other fields, we define a Markov process in occupation number space. At any time, only a finite set of fields is occupied, and the appearance of a representative of a field with "better" properties produces an instability in the system. The characteristic dynamics of such "innovative instabilities" are investigated by simulation. As a particular example, we consider the nonlinear growth properties associated with the emergence of new areas of scientific research.

"In science and technology studies it is very common to describe structure formation and structure development by using spatial representations. Maps of such knowledge landscapes allow the dynamic character of the research processes to be visualized. In this paper, we discuss how concepts, methods and mathematical models that allow the dynamics and the evolution of complex systems to be described can be applied to this area. A special approach is considered, which we call 'geometrically oriented evolution theory' (GOETHE). First steps towards implementing this new method in the context of the development of national science systems are discussed." (author's abstract)

The Social Impact Open Repository (SIOR) has become a unique data source at the international level in which researchers can display, quote, and store the social impact of their research results. SIOR arises from the social and political needs to know and connect with scientific projects to assess their social impact, promoting transparency of science and open-access systems. This repository has been designed to allow researchers to link their social impacts with research institutions and citizens. In short, SIOR reveals possibilities for transforming scientific research through means such as developing a qualitative tool as an egalitarian scientific agora that enables assessment of social improvements derived from social sciences and humanities (SSH) research. SIOR is a qualitative and open peer-review tool that allows citizens to comment online about an investigation's impact on society.

The Social Impact Open Repository (SIOR) has become a unique data source at the international level in which researchers can display, quote, and store the social impact of their research results. SIOR arises from the social and political needs to know and connect with scientific projects to assess their social impact, promoting transparency of science and open-access systems. This repository has been designed to allow researchers to link their social impacts with research institutions and citizens. In short, SIOR reveals possibilities for transforming scientific research through means such as developing a qualitative tool as an egalitarian scientific agora that enables assessment of social improvements derived from social sciences and humanities (SSH) research. SIOR is a qualitative and open peer-review tool that allows citizens to comment online about an investigation's impact on society.

"Zeitschriften spielen eine herausragende Rolle in der wissenschaftlichen Kommunikation. Bibliometrische Analysen von wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften umfassen sowohl die Beschreibung und Bewertung einzelner Zeitschriften als auch statistische Analysen von Ensembles wissenschaftlicher Zeitschriften. Beispiele für einfache bibliometrische Indikatoren auf Zeitschriftenebene sind die Größe einer Zeitschrift (Anzahl der Publikationen) und die Anzahl der Zitierungen. Der bekannteste daraus abgeleitete Indikator ist der 'Journalimpaktfaktor' als durchschnittliche Zitationsrate eines Artikels in der entsprechenden Zeitschrift. Dieser Indikator wird häufig zur Bewertung einer Zeitschrift herangezogen. Der Impaktfaktor steht für die Wahrnehmung einer Zeitschrift im Raum wissenschaftlicher Kommunikation. Diese wird letztlich von der Qualität der in der Zeitschrift erscheinenden Artikel bestimmt. Statistische Analysen von Zeitschriftengruppen führen in der Regel auf schiefe Verteilungen bibliometrischer Indikatoren, z.B. das Bradford'sche Gesetz. Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt das Phänomen der Verteilung von Zitierungen, die eine Zeitschrift erhält, auf die Länder, die in dieser Zeitschrift publizieren. Die unterschiedliche Teilhabe von Ländern an dem Renommee einer Zeitschrift wird durch einen neuen Indikator - die Anzahl der Matthäus-Zitierungen - charakterisiert. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird in die neue Untersuchungsmethodik didaktisch eingeführt. In einem zweiten Teil werden empirische Analysen vorgestellt. Dabei wird die Verteilung des neuen Indikators innerhalb eines umfangreichen Zeitschriftenensembles analysiert und anderen Indikatoren gegenübergestellt. Die Autoren halten die Anzahl der Matthäus-Zitierungen in einer Zeitschrift für einen Ausdruck des Wettbewerbs von Ländern um Wahrnehmung in der internationalen wissenschaftlichen Kommunikation. Die empirische Analyse zeigt, dass dieser Wettbewerb sich vorrangig in einer relativ kleinen Gruppe von Zeitschriften, den Matthäus- Kernzeitschriften, vollzieht. Diese Zeitschriften nehmen eine besondere Stellung in der internationalen Wissenschaftskommunikation ein." (Autorenreferat)

The ability to browse an information space in a structured way by exploiting similarities and dissimilarities between information objects is crucial for knowledge discovery. Knowledge maps use visualizations to gain insights into the structure of large-scale information spaces, but are still far away from being applicable for searching. The paper proposes a use case for enhancing search term recommendations by heat map visualizations of co-word relationships taken from indexing vocabulary. By contrasting areas of different "heat" the user is enabled to indicate mainstream areas of the field in question more
easily. (author's abstract)

Recently, the need to contribute to the evaluation of the scientific, social, and political impact of Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH) research has become a demand of policy makers and society. The international scientific community has made significant advances that have transformed the impact of evaluation landscape. This article reviews the existing scientific knowledge on evaluation tools and techniques that are applied to assess the scientific impact of SSH research; the changing structure of social and political impacts of SSH research is investigated based on an overarching research question: to what extent do scholars attempt to apply methods, instruments, and approaches that take into ac-count the distinctive features of SSH? The review also includes examples of European Union (EU) pro-jects that demonstrate these impacts. This article culminates in a discussion of the development of the assessment of different impacts and identifies limitations, and areas and topics to explore in the future.

Recently, the need to contribute to the evaluation of the scientific, social, and political impact of Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH) research has become a demand of policy makers and society. The international scientific community has made significant advances that have transformed the impact of evaluation landscape. This article reviews the existing scientific knowledge on evaluation tools and techniques that are applied to assess the scientific impact of SSH research; the changing structure of social and political impacts of SSH research is investigated based on an overarching research question: to what extent do scholars attempt to apply methods, instruments, and approaches that take into account the distinctive features of SSH? The review also includes examples of European Union (EU) projects that demonstrate these impacts. This article culminates in a discussion of the development of the assessment of different impacts and identifies limitations, and areas and topics to explore in the future.

Recently, the need to contribute to the evaluation of the scientific, social, and political impact of Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH) research has become a demand of policy makers and society. The international scientific community has made significant advances that have transformed the impact of evaluation landscape. This article reviews the existing scientific knowledge on evaluation tools and techniques that are applied to assess the scientific impact of SSH research; the changing structure of social and political impacts of SSH research is investigated based on an overarching research question: to what extent do scholars attempt to apply methods, instruments, and approaches that take into account the distinctive features of SSH? The review also includes examples of European Union (EU) projects that demonstrate these impacts. This article culminates in a discussion of the development of the assessment of different impacts and identifies limitations, and areas and topics to explore in the future.