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Political science; Sociology - Media spreken bij etnisch geweld vaak van 'spontane uitbarstingen' van 'woedende menigten'. Maar etnisch geweld is zelden een spontane uitbarsting van spanningen tussen verschillende bevolkingsgroepen. De menigte is vaak gemobiliseerd door elites die het geweld exploiteren voor eigen gewin. Laten deelnemers aan geweld zich echt misleiden door complotsmedende leiders of zijn er andere verklaringen mogelijk? Etnisch geweld: groepsconfl icten in de schaduw van de staat combineert theoretische beschouwingen met onderzoek naar etnisch geweld. De auteurs concluderen dat de organisatie van etnisch geweld voortkomt uit de 'schaduw van de staat': schimmige netwerken van politici en anderen die gewone mensen helpen toegang te verkrijgen tot de overheid.

Sociology - De huidige Nederlandse elites trekken veel negatieve aandacht. Directeuren zouden te veel verdienen, het aanzien van de politieke elites daalt, bij rechters wordt getwijfeld aan hun gezag en maatschappelijk bewustzijn, over de Nederlandse adel wordt alleen lacherig gepraat. Veel weten we over deze elites niet, want sociologisch onderzoek naar Nederlandse elites blijft schaars. Deze boekaflevering van http://www.aup.nl/do.php?a=show_visitor_catalogus&b=tijdschriften&p=827"">Mens & Maatschappij is een vervolg op een boekaflevering van het tijdschrift uit 1984, getiteld Nederlandse elites in beeld. De onderwerpen zijn divers: adel, rechterlijke macht, een koloniale economische elite, de internationalisering van de economische elite en de opkomst van een nieuwe lokale elite. Alle artikelen benadrukken zowel de verandering als de continuïteit: een adellijke titel helpt nog steeds bij het verwerven van een elitepositie bijvoorbeeld. De koloniale elite verdween niet plotseling toen Indonesië onafhankelijk werd. De komst van allochtone gemeenteraadsleden is slechts de laatste ontwikkeling in de samenstelling van raden.

With the industrialisation of the Netherlands connections between people changed and new organisations were founded. Among these newly established organisations was the General Dutch Diamond Workers' Union (ANDB). The large majority of the workers in the diamond sector became
a member. In this article we focus on the importance of different types of connectedness within this union and sector and the duration of membership in the period 1898-1913 for a random sample of 817 members. We analysed the information from their membership cards with the use of event history
analysis to examine which members had a higher chance of resigning, and who had a higher chance of being expelled from the membership list. Jewish members had a higher chance of resigning; they were probably less dependent on the diamond industry in Amsterdam due to their better opportunities
to work in the diamond industry in Antwerp. Members unemployed for a longer period of time also had a higher chance of resigning; they had probably lost connection with the sector while membership became financially unattractive. Furthermore, the likelihood to resign or to be expelled decreased
as membership length increased. Members whose contribution debt increased had a higher chance of being expelled. Moreover, Jewish members had a lower chance of being expelled, probably due to the religious and/or family connectedness with members of the board and other union members, as about
two thirds of union members were Jewish. The difference in the impact of types of connectedness on membership duration might have resulted in some homogeneity among the members within the ANDB.

In the last quarter of the nineteenth century the Dutch economy experienced a fresh take-off. Up-to-date steamships plied the shipping routes to the Netherlands East Indies; in the Netherlands the network of railways and canals was greatly expanded; modern insurance companies, commercial banks and other financial institutions were founded. The resultant growing need for external capital led to a new legal form of financing, the joint-stock or limited liability company, and the 1870s and 1880s saw the establishment of a relatively large number of newly founded companies of this type. Generally speaking, these companies represented business activities with a long-standing tradition in Dutch economic life: trade, banking and transportation. The economic take-off was also reflected in the growing number of joint-stock companies pursuing economic activities in colonial Indonesia, often with their headquarters in the Indonesian Archipelago itself. According to J. à Campo the number of such newly founded corporations was more than hundred for each year after 1896, reaching its highest level in 1910, when no less than 326 were founded.