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Over the past few years many arguments have been exchanged between partisans of multilateral aid to developing countries and those who prefer bilateral forms of co-operation. Multilateral programmes are often accused of inefficiency and waste owing to international bureaucracy and political complications, and bilateral agreements just as often are suspected of covering up for neo-colonialism. In the meantime a new kind of multi-national aid programme has appeared. Sometimes these are on government level, like the joint educational programmes of the Nordic countries in Tanganyika; sometimes there is co-operation between non-governmental organisations in different donor countries.

This Colloquium on the Politics of Development and Different African Ways to Socialism was attended by delegates from 16 African countries, and observers from several others. They included such distinguished Africans as the Senegalese President, Léopold Sédar Senghor, who acted as host, and the Premier, Mamadou Dia; Jacques Rabemananjara, Malagasy Minister of Economic Planning; Auguste Anfuille, Gabon Minister of National Education; Mohamed El Moktar Marouf, Mauritainan Minister of Economic Planning; Asséfa Demisse, Ethiopian Deputy Minister of Finance; Boubou Hama, President of the National Assembly of Niger; Abdelmajed Chaker, Tunisian Scretary of Agriculture; Dr S. O. Biobaku, Pro-Vice Chancellor of the University of Ife, Nigeria; Osman Ahmed Hassen Somali Ambassador to France; and Namamodou Diakité Guinean Ambassdor to Senegal.