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AbstractIn this article, I present the second version of the Citizenship Regime Inclusiveness Index (CITRIX 2.0). It measures the inclusiveness of regulations for immigrants' access to citizenship across 23 OECD countries from 1980 to 2019, zooming in on four essential policy components: conditions regarding (1) birthright; (2) residence; (3) renunciation; and (4) integration. While explaining the construction of the dataset, I advance a synthetic approach to index methodology. The main idea of this approach is to use statistical dimensionality tests to validate deductively specified additive concept structures. This is the first lesson we can learn from CITRIX. After validating the index in terms of content, dimensionality, and convergence, a short empirical analysis presents two additional lessons. First, after two cycles of liberalization and subsequent restrictive turns, mostly in integration conditions, aggregate citizenship policy inclusiveness has stagnated, but liberalized overall. 2003 marks the peak of liberalization. Second, there has been long‐term convergence constituted by two phases of convergence with one diverging phase in between. I conclude that liberalization is more limited, and convergence more pronounced, than often assumed. CITRIX offers a versatile toolbox for future research to explore citizenship policies and their correlates. Regular updates are planned.

In this article, I present the second version of the Citizenship Regime Inclusiveness Index (CITRIX 2.0). It measures the inclusiveness of regulations for immigrants' access to citizenship across 23 OECD countries from 1980 to 2019, zooming in on four essential policy components: conditions regarding (1) birthright; (2) residence; (3) renunciation; and (4) integration. While explaining the construction of the dataset, I advance a synthetic approach to index methodology. The main idea of this approach is to use statistical dimensionality tests to validate deductively specified additive concept structures. This is the first lesson we can learn from CITRIX. After validating the index in terms of content, dimensionality, and convergence, a short empirical analysis presents two additional lessons. First, after two cycles of liberalization and subsequent restrictive turns, mostly in integration conditions, aggregate citizenship policy inclusiveness has stagnated, but liberalized overall. 2003 marks the peak of liberalization. Second, there has been long-term convergence constituted by two phases of convergence with one diverging phase in between. I conclude that liberalization is more limited, and convergence more pronounced, than often assumed. CITRIX offers a versatile toolbox for future research to explore citizenship policies and their correlates. Regular updates are planned.

First published online: 20 July 2020 ; In this article, I introduce a typology that maps the regulation of two fundamental boundaries of modern nation-states regarding immigration: territorial boundaries and membership boundaries. Based on a theory of the structural logics underlying Immigration Regime Openness (IRO) and Citizenship Regime Inclusiveness (CRI), I make four observations on the two-dimensional policy space determined by the relative porousness of these two boundaries. First, a Categorical Principal Component Analysis (CATPCA) using a combination of original and existing panel data across 23 liberal democracies from 1980 to 2010 confirms that IRO and CRI are internally consistent and statistically distinct dimensions. Immigration policies therefore appear more coherent than often assumed. Second, the distribution of cases over the four ideal-typical policy configurations from 1980 to 2010 shows that more and more cases combine relatively liberal immigration policies with relatively liberal citizenship policies. Behind this finding are, third, overall liberalizing trajectories in both policies as well as a pattern of convergence in immigration policies. The liberalisation of immigration policies is most notable until 1996 and the level of openness fluctuates thereafter. Regarding citizenship, I provide evidence for a much-cited restrictive turn during the 2000s. In addition, I show that there has already been a restrictive turn in citizenship during the 1990s. Fourth, instead of the trade-off anticipated by much of the literature, I find an increasingly positive correlation between IRO and CRI. The new typology, its underlying theory, and the subsequent findings significantly advance our understanding of the most fundamental boundaries of modern nation-states.

Der Politischen Jugend zu Nutzen, und denen Reisenden zur Bequemligkeit abgefasset von einem, der solche Wissenschafften Sehr Hoch Schätzet [i.e. Samuel Heinrich Schmid oder Theodor Berger] ; Paginierfehler: Seitenzählung in Teil I springt von S. 168 auf S. 187 ; Enthält die Teile I, II, III und IV ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- Geneal. 116-1

Der Politischen Jugend zu Nutzen, und denen Reisenden zur Bequemligkeit abgefasset von einem, der solche Wissenschafften Sehr Hoch Schätzet [i.e. Samuel Heinrich Schmidt oder Theodor Berger] ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- Geneal. 118-4

Der Politischen Jugend zu Nutzen, und denen Reisenden zur Bequemligkeit abgefasset von einem, der solche Wissenschafften Sehr Hoch Schätzet [i.e. Samuel Heinrich Schmidt oder Theodor Berger] ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: Passau, Staatliche Bibliothek -- S nv/Mag (b) 13-2/3

Der Politischen Jugend zu Nutzen, und denen Reisenden zur Bequemligkeit abgefasset von einem, der solche Wissenschafften Sehr Hoch Schätzet [i.e. Samuel Heinrich Schmidt oder Theodor Berger] ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: Passau, Staatliche Bibliothek -- S nv/Mag (b) 13-1

Der Politischen Jugend zu Nutzen, und denen Reisenden zur Bequemligkeit abgefasset von einem, der solche Wissenschafften Sehr Hoch Schätzet [i.e. Samuel Heinrich Schmidt oder Theodor Berger] ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- Geneal. 118-1

Der Politischen Jugend zu Nutzen, und denen Reisenden zur Bequemligkeit abgefasset von einem, der solche Wissenschafften Sehr Hoch Schätzet [i.e. Samuel Heinrich Schmidt oder Theodor Berger] ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- Geneal. 118-2

Der Politischen Jugend zu Nutzen, und denen Reisenden zur Bequemligkeit abgefasset von einem, der solche Wissenschafften Sehr Hoch Schätzet [i.e. Samuel Heinrich Schmidt oder Theodor Berger] ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- Geneal. 118-3