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Despite rapid increases in manual workers' wages, poverty rates among the elderly remained high in late Victorian England, although they varied significantly across Poor Law Unions. This paper begins by examining the ability of workers to provide for their old age. A data set is constructed, consisting of all English Poor Law Unions in 1891–2, and regression equations are estimated in order to explain variations across unions in pauperism rates. This is followed by the testing of several conjectures made by contemporaries, and repeated by historians, regarding the deterrent effect of workhouse relief, the effects of wages and of the industrial character of Poor Law Unions on pauperism rates, and regional differences in workers' reliance on the poor law. The paper then examines the implications of these results for the debate over national old age pensions in the decades before the adoption of the Old Age Pension Act.

Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- The Authors -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Developments in Workers' Compensation since 1960 -- 3 - Measuring Employers' Costs -- 4 - Benefit Adequacy versus Affordability -- 5 - Employer Costs: Public versus Private Provision of Insurance -- 6 - The Effect of Workers' Compensation Insurance Regulation: Theory and Prior Research -- 7 - The Effect of Workers' Compensation Insurance Regulation: Evidence -- 8 - Insurance Arrangements and Workplace Safety -- 9 - Conclusions -- Appendix A: Data on Workers' Compensation Costs, Benefits, and Insurance Arrangements -- Appendix B: Insurance Terminology -- Appendix C: Detailed Methodology for Measuring Employers' Costs of Workers' Compensation Insurance -- Appendix D: Benefit Index Methodology -- Appendix E: The Insurance Cycle -- Appendix F: Insurance Commission Survey -- Appendix G: Supplemental Regression Results -- References -- Cited Author Index -- Subject Index -- About the Institute.

Thomason, Schmidle, and Burton make use of a unique data set to delve into how insurance arrangements affect several objectives of the workers' compensation (WC) program. They underscore the effects of deregulation and other changes in WC insurance pricing arrangements by performing empirical analyses that use state-specific cost, benefit, and injury data from 48 states for 1975-1995. This allows them to address the interactive relationships among the four objectives of WC systems adequacy of benefits, affordability of WC insurance, efficiency in the benefits delivery system, and prevention of workplace injuries and diseases and how various public policies adopted by states or the federal government work to achieve them. ; https://research.upjohn.org/up_press/1058/thumbnail.jpg