Rechtsgefühl – Das menschliche Herz wird zum metaphorischen Quell des Rechts und rückt im gleichen Zug in den Fokus von Regierungs- und Erziehungstechnologien.Der Mensch wird im 18. Jahrhundert juridisch als Träger von Rechten und anthropologisch nicht nur als vernünftiges, sondern vor allem auch als empfindsames Wesen entworfen, das sich sowohl moralisch als auch rechtlich vom Vermögen des Gefühls leiten lassen kann und soll. Florian Schmidt arbeitet in seiner interdisziplinär angelegten Studie die wechselseitige Bezogenheit von Recht und Gefühl in literarischen, juridischen und philosophischen Texten um 1800 heraus und profiliert das Rechtsgefühl als ein für die Subjektbildung in der Moderne zentrales Konzept
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"The digital revolution is interwoven with the promise to empower the user. Yet, the rise of centralized, commercial platforms for crowdsourced work questions the validity of this narrative. In Crowd-Design, Florian Alexander Schmidt analyses the workings and the rhetoric of crowdsourced work platforms by comparing the way they address the masses today with historic notions of the crowd. The utopian concepts of early online collaboration are taken as a vantage point from which to view and critique current and, at times, dystopian applications of crowdsourced work. The study is focused on the crowdsourcing of design tasks, but these specific applications are used to examine the design of the more general mechanisms employed by the platform providers to motivate and control the crowds. Crowd-Design is as much about the crowdsourcing of design as it is about the design of crowdsourcing"--
La llamada "economía colaborativa" es un tema muy debatido. Uber, Airbnb, Helpling y muchos otros modelos de negocios basados en plataformas buscan "trastocar" aquellas industrias que describen como "anquilosadas" y poco amigables para el usuario. Estos jugadores afirman estar creando nuevos servicios más flexibles y rentables. En efecto, las nuevas plataformas que sirven como intermediarias entre la oferta y la demanda, tienen muchas contribuciones valiosas para ofrecer. Sin embargo, las nuevas plataformas se encuentran cada vez más asediadas por las críticas. Por lo general, estas dependen de una fuerza laboral conformada por trabajadores independientes [independent contractors], que trabajan por cuenta propia y bajo su propio riesgo, por salarios bajos y sin ningún tipo de seguridad social. En este sentido, ni los proveedores de la plataforma ni sus clientes asumen el papel y las responsabilidades de un empleador. Las leyes laborales, la protección de los trabajadores, las normas de salud y seguridad, la calidad del trabajo y las cargas sociales recaen principalmente sobre los trabajadores, quienes tampoco tienen derecho al tipo de participación común en otros sectores. Los clientes de las plataformas obtienen acceso a una fuerza laboral a demanda [on-demand], mientras que los trabajadores que proveen la mano de obra están sujetos a condiciones laborales precarias. En este contexto, la Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) decidió examinar más de cerca los modelos de negocio digitales basados en plataformas y sus implicancias para la economía y la sociedad. Si bien las plataformas digitales han llegado a desempeñar un rol relevante en muchas ramas de la economía, la presente publicación se centra en las más controvertidas sociopolíticamente, es decir, las plataformas de trabajo digital [digital labour platforms]. El estudio explica los mecanismos básicos de las tres caras de los mercados de trabajo digital y compara sus variantes y subcategorías. También explica las características específicas y los desafíos de las diferentes categorías y propone puntos de partida para la toma de decisiones políticas. ; The so-called "sharing economy" is a much-debated topic. Uber, Airbnb, Helpling and many other platform-based business models want to "disrupt" industries that they portray as "ossified" and user-unfriendly. The contenders claim to create new services that are more flexible and cost-efficient. And indeed, the new platforms, which serve as an intermediary between supply and demand, have many valuable contributions to offer. Nevertheless, the new platforms are increasingly beset by criticism. Usually they rely on a workforce of independent contractors, who work on their own account and at their own risk, for low wages and without social security. Neither the platform providers nor their clients take on the role and responsibilities of an employer. Labour laws, worker protection, health and safety regulations, quality of work and social security contributions mostly fall to the responsibility of the independent contractors alone, who are also not entitled to the kind of workers' participation common in other sectors. The clients of the platforms essentially gain access to an on-demand workforce, while the independent contractors who provide the labour are subject to precarious working conditions. Against this background, the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) decided to have a closer look at platform-based digital business models and their implications for the economy and for society. While digital platforms have come to play a role in many branches of the economy, the present publication is focussed on the socio-politically most contested ones, namely digital labour platforms. The study explains the basic mechanisms of three-sided digital labour markets and compares its variants and subcategories. It also explains the specific features and challenges of the different categories and pro-poses starting points for political measures. ; A chamada "economia compartilhada" é um tema muito debatido. Uber, Airbnb, Helpling e muitos outros modelos de negócios baseados em plataforma querem "perturbar" setores que eles retratam como "ossificados" e hostis ao usuário. Os concorrentes pretendem criar novos serviços mais flexíveis e econômicos. E, de fato, as novas plataformas, que servem como intermediárias entre a oferta e a demanda, têm muitas contribuições valiosas a oferecer. No entanto, as novas plataformas são cada vez mais assediadas por críticas. Normalmente contam com uma força de trabalho de contratados independentes, que trabalham por conta própria e por sua conta e risco, com baixos salários e sem seguridade social. Nem os fornecedores de plataforma nem seus clientes assumem o papel e as responsabilidades de um empregador. As leis trabalhistas, a proteção do trabalhador, os regulamentos de saúde e segurança, a qualidade do trabalho e as contribuições para a seguridade social recaem principalmente sobre a responsabilidade dos contratantes independentes, que também não têm direito ao tipo de participação dos trabalhadores comum em outros setores. Os clientes das plataformas têm essencialmente acesso a mão-de-obra on-demand, enquanto os autônomos que fornecem a mão-de-obra estão sujeitos a condições de trabalho precárias. Neste contexto, a Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) decidiu examinar mais de perto os modelos de negócios digitais baseados em plataformas e suas implicações para a economia e a sociedade. Embora as plataformas digitais tenham vindo a desempenhar um papel em muitos ramos da economia, a presente publicação centra-se nos mais contestados sócio-politicamente, nomeadamente as plataformas digitais de trabalho. O estudo explica os mecanismos básicos dos mercados de trabalho digitais de três lados e compara suas variantes e subcategorias. Também explica as características específicas e os desafios das diferentes categorias e propõe pontos de partida para medidas políticas. ; Facultad de Trabajo Social
Der Mensch wird im 18. Jahrhundert juridisch als Träger von Rechten und anthropologisch nicht nur als vernünftiges, sondern vor allem auch als empfindsames Wesen entworfen, das sich sowohl moralisch als auch rechtlich vom Vermögen des Gefühls leiten lassen kann und soll. Das menschliche Herz wird so zum metaphorischen Quell des Rechts und rückt im gleichen Zug in den Fokus von Regierungs- und Erziehungstechnologien. Florian Schmidt arbeitet in seiner interdisziplinär angelegten Studie die wechselseitige Bezogenheit von Recht und Gefühl in literarischen, juridischen und philosophischen Texten um 1800 heraus und profiliert das Rechtsgefühl als ein für die Subjektbildung in der Moderne zentrales Konzept. Dieses erweist sich dabei als eine Kippfigur zwischen Ermächtigung und Unterwerfung: Einerseits legitimiert es emanzipatorische Forderungen nach Grund- und Menschenrechten und politischer Partizipation, andererseits wird das Subjekt von gouvernementalen Machttechnologien durchdrungen, die seine Regierbarkeit sicherstellen sollen.
Against the dominant cultural script according to which law and emotion are incompatible, this essay brings into focus the reciprocal relation of law and emotion that forms in the eighteenth century and is foundational for the self-conception of the modern citizen around 1800. This reciprocity is enabled by the ›discovery‹ and valorization of emotion as an independent faculty, as we show with recourse to first the moral-sense-debate and then Rousseau and Herder. In the course of being theorized, emotion acquires an irreducible relevance for cognition, judgment, and subject formation—and thereby also for law, insofar as it is understood as normative knowledge and as guide for the actions of the subject. Just how fundamental the epistemological relevance of emotion is at the beginning of the nineteenth century is revealed not only by the emergence of the term Rechtsgefühl, but also and above all by its systematic deployment on entirely different levels: such as in law, in politics, and in literature, as we illustrate with reference to texts of legal scholarship by Savigny and the political poetry of Uhland. It thus guides, for example, the cultural-history narrative of the rise of law (Savigny/Uhland), becomes a fundamental requirement for the Historical School's method of legal scholarship (Savigny), and finally grounds the demand for the political participation of citizens, inasmuch as the law and the constitution are derived from human emotion (Uhland).
Rapid advances and the spread of digital technologies have changed the expectations of citizens, firms and organizations towards government services, which increasingly receive the call to transform services and structures according to changed needs and preferences. The concept of business model development provides a suitable approach for public institutions aiming at adjusting their services and operations. Since government institutions increasingly develop new services and products, this study provides a theoretic foundation to operational readiness as well as a guideline how to set up digital business models in a public sector context. Therefore, a framework is derived from conceptual studies in the field as well as related theoretical concepts such as business model theory in the public sector context, dynamic capacities and public value creation. Building on this foundation this study conceptualizes a process of business model development to create user oriented digital services in the public sector.
