Suchergebnisse

This paper documents the existence of sorting patterns based on region of origin in the French public housing market (HLM). We provide evidence that first-generation African immigrants who benefit from the program tend to live in poorer neighborhoods than their French-born counterparts, once controlled for the broader geographical area of residence. This differential is comparable in magnitude to the one observed in the private rental market, even though the pricing of a public rental is almost uncorrelated with its location characteristics. Whereas we cannot rule out the possibility that this sorting partly reflects the specificity of African immigrants' housing demand, we mitigate this concern by using information on the HLM offers that were previously rejected by the households and on the households' declared level of satisfaction regarding their current neighborhood. Given that about half of African immigrants live in HLM (against one sixth of the non-immigrant population), this finding has possibly strong consequences on African immigrants' segregation and welfare in France.

Despite their heterogeneity, African immigrants in France share common difficulties in terms of labor market and housing market access. As such, they may be studied as a group : a group with its own geography (high urbanization rate and over-representation in poor, public-housing-dominated neighborhoods) ; a group whose relative labor market integration has declined over the past decades ; a segregated group for which understanding the interplay between the labor market and the housing market is crucial. In the four chapters of this thesis, I build several microeconomic models which attempt to describe some of the failures of the housing market when it is confronted with a group of economically fragile consumers, who may suffer from others' prejudice and who massively benefit from a government-controlled public housing program. The predictions that are derived from these models are then tested on the population of African immigrants in France, mostly through the statistical analysis of the last three waves (1996, 2002 and 2006) of the French National Housing Survey. The main results are threefold : first, African immigrants do suffer from customerbased discrimination in the private rental housing market, which may partly explain their high participation rate to public housing ; second, sorting echanisms within the French public housing market direct African public tenants into the poorest neighborhoods, even though the rent gradient of public housing with respect to location characteristics is almost flat ; last, both geographic preferences and housing market access play some role in explaining the residual unemployment and urbanization gaps between African immigrants and nonimmigrants in France. ; Malgré leur grande diversité, les immigrés d'origine africaine en France éprouvent des difficultés spécifiques d'accès aux marchés du travail et du logement qui rendent pertinente leur étude en tant que groupe : un groupe doté d'une géographie propre -un fort tropisme urbain et une surreprésentation dans les quartiers ...

Despite their heterogeneity, African immigrants in France share common difficulties in terms of labor market and housing market access. As such, they may be studied as a group : a group with its own geography (high urbanization rate and over-representation in poor, public-housing-dominated neighborhoods) ; a group whose relative labor market integration has declined over the past decades ; a segregated group for which understanding the interplay between the labor market and the housing market is crucial. In the four chapters of this thesis, I build several microeconomic models which attempt to describe some of the failures of the housing market when it is confronted with a group of economically fragile consumers, who may suffer from others' prejudice and who massively benefit from a government-controlled public housing program. The predictions that are derived from these models are then tested on the population of African immigrants in France, mostly through the statistical analysis of the last three waves (1996, 2002 and 2006) of the French National Housing Survey. The main results are threefold : first, African immigrants do suffer from customerbased discrimination in the private rental housing market, which may partly explain their high participation rate to public housing ; second, sorting echanisms within the French public housing market direct African public tenants into the poorest neighborhoods, even though the rent gradient of public housing with respect to location characteristics is almost flat ; last, both geographic preferences and housing market access play some role in explaining the residual unemployment and urbanization gaps between African immigrants and nonimmigrants in France. ; Malgré leur grande diversité, les immigrés d'origine africaine en France éprouvent des difficultés spécifiques d'accès aux marchés du travail et du logement qui rendent pertinente leur étude en tant que groupe : un groupe doté d'une géographie propre -un fort tropisme urbain et une surreprésentation dans les quartiers ...

Despite their heterogeneity, African immigrants in France share common difficulties in terms of labor market and housing market access. As such, they may be studied as a group : a group with its own geography (high urbanization rate and over-representation in poor, public-housing-dominated neighborhoods) ; a group whose relative labor market integration has declined over the past decades ; a segregated group for which understanding the interplay between the labor market and the housing market is crucial. In the four chapters of this thesis, I build several microeconomic models which attempt to describe some of the failures of the housing market when it is confronted with a group of economically fragile consumers, who may suffer from others' prejudice and who massively benefit from a government-controlled public housing program. The predictions that are derived from these models are then tested on the population of African immigrants in France, mostly through the statistical analysis of the last three waves (1996, 2002 and 2006) of the French National Housing Survey. The main results are threefold : first, African immigrants do suffer from customerbased discrimination in the private rental housing market, which may partly explain their high participation rate to public housing ; second, sorting echanisms within the French public housing market direct African public tenants into the poorest neighborhoods, even though the rent gradient of public housing with respect to location characteristics is almost flat ; last, both geographic preferences and housing market access play some role in explaining the residual unemployment and urbanization gaps between African immigrants and nonimmigrants in France. ; Malgré leur grande diversité, les immigrés d'origine africaine en France éprouvent des difficultés spécifiques d'accès aux marchés du travail et du logement qui rendent pertinente leur étude en tant que groupe : un groupe doté d'une géographie propre -un fort tropisme urbain et une surreprésentation dans les quartiers ...

Despite their heterogeneity, African immigrants in France share common difficulties in terms of labor market and housing market access. As such, they may be studied as a group : a group with its own geography (high urbanization rate and over-representation in poor, public-housing-dominated neighborhoods) ; a group whose relative labor market integration has declined over the past decades ; a segregated group for which understanding the interplay between the labor market and the housing market is crucial. In the four chapters of this thesis, I build several microeconomic models which attempt to describe some of the failures of the housing market when it is confronted with a group of economically fragile consumers, who may suffer from others' prejudice and who massively benefit from a government-controlled public housing program. The predictions that are derived from these models are then tested on the population of African immigrants in France, mostly through the statistical analysis of the last three waves (1996, 2002 and 2006) of the French National Housing Survey. The main results are threefold : first, African immigrants do suffer from customerbased discrimination in the private rental housing market, which may partly explain their high participation rate to public housing ; second, sorting echanisms within the French public housing market direct African public tenants into the poorest neighborhoods, even though the rent gradient of public housing with respect to location characteristics is almost flat ; last, both geographic preferences and housing market access play some role in explaining the residual unemployment and urbanization gaps between African immigrants and nonimmigrants in France. ; Malgré leur grande diversité, les immigrés d'origine africaine en France éprouvent des difficultés spécifiques d'accès aux marchés du travail et du logement qui rendent pertinente leur étude en tant que groupe : un groupe doté d'une géographie propre -un fort tropisme urbain et une surreprésentation dans les quartiers ...

Despite their heterogeneity, African immigrants in France share common difficulties in terms of labor market and housing market access. As such, they may be studied as a group : a group with its own geography (high urbanization rate and over-representation in poor, public-housing-dominated neighborhoods) ; a group whose relative labor market integration has declined over the past decades ; a segregated group for which understanding the interplay between the labor market and the housing market is crucial. In the four chapters of this thesis, I build several microeconomic models which attempt to describe some of the failures of the housing market when it is confronted with a group of economically fragile consumers, who may suffer from others' prejudice and who massively benefit from a government-controlled public housing program. The predictions that are derived from these models are then tested on the population of African immigrants in France, mostly through the statistical analysis of the last three waves (1996, 2002 and 2006) of the French National Housing Survey. The main results are threefold : first, African immigrants do suffer from customerbased discrimination in the private rental housing market, which may partly explain their high participation rate to public housing ; second, sorting echanisms within the French public housing market direct African public tenants into the poorest neighborhoods, even though the rent gradient of public housing with respect to location characteristics is almost flat ; last, both geographic preferences and housing market access play some role in explaining the residual unemployment and urbanization gaps between African immigrants and nonimmigrants in France. ; Malgré leur grande diversité, les immigrés d'origine africaine en France éprouvent des difficultés spécifiques d'accès aux marchés du travail et du logement qui rendent pertinente leur étude en tant que groupe : un groupe doté d'une géographie propre -un fort tropisme urbain et une surreprésentation dans les quartiers ...

Despite their heterogeneity, African immigrants in France share common difficulties in terms of labor market and housing market access. As such, they may be studied as a group : a group with its own geography (high urbanization rate and over-representation in poor, public-housing-dominated neighborhoods) ; a group whose relative labor market integration has declined over the past decades ; a segregated group for which understanding the interplay between the labor market and the housing market is crucial. In the four chapters of this thesis, I build several microeconomic models which attempt to describe some of the failures of the housing market when it is confronted with a group of economically fragile consumers, who may suffer from others' prejudice and who massively benefit from a government-controlled public housing program. The predictions that are derived from these models are then tested on the population of African immigrants in France, mostly through the statistical analysis of the last three waves (1996, 2002 and 2006) of the French National Housing Survey. The main results are threefold : first, African immigrants do suffer from customerbased discrimination in the private rental housing market, which may partly explain their high participation rate to public housing ; second, sorting echanisms within the French public housing market direct African public tenants into the poorest neighborhoods, even though the rent gradient of public housing with respect to location characteristics is almost flat ; last, both geographic preferences and housing market access play some role in explaining the residual unemployment and urbanization gaps between African immigrants and nonimmigrants in France. ; Malgré leur grande diversité, les immigrés d'origine africaine en France éprouvent des difficultés spécifiques d'accès aux marchés du travail et du logement qui rendent pertinente leur étude en tant que groupe : un groupe doté d'une géographie propre -un fort tropisme urbain et une surreprésentation dans les quartiers ...

Despite their heterogeneity, African immigrants in France share common difficulties in terms of labor market and housing market access. As such, they may be studied as a group : a group with its own geography (high urbanization rate and over-representation in poor, public-housing-dominated neighborhoods) ; a group whose relative labor market integration has declined over the past decades ; a segregated group for which understanding the interplay between the labor market and the housing market is crucial. In the four chapters of this thesis, I build several microeconomic models which attempt to describe some of the failures of the housing market when it is confronted with a group of economically fragile consumers, who may suffer from others' prejudice and who massively benefit from a government-controlled public housing program. The predictions that are derived from these models are then tested on the population of African immigrants in France, mostly through the statistical analysis of the last three waves (1996, 2002 and 2006) of the French National Housing Survey. The main results are threefold : first, African immigrants do suffer from customerbased discrimination in the private rental housing market, which may partly explain their high participation rate to public housing ; second, sorting echanisms within the French public housing market direct African public tenants into the poorest neighborhoods, even though the rent gradient of public housing with respect to location characteristics is almost flat ; last, both geographic preferences and housing market access play some role in explaining the residual unemployment and urbanization gaps between African immigrants and nonimmigrants in France. ; Malgré leur grande diversité, les immigrés d'origine africaine en France éprouvent des difficultés spécifiques d'accès aux marchés du travail et du logement qui rendent pertinente leur étude en tant que groupe : un groupe doté d'une géographie propre -un fort tropisme urbain et une surreprésentation dans les quartiers pauvres dominés par l'habitat social ; un groupe dont l'intégration relative au marché du travail français s'est plutôt dégradée au cours des dernières décennies ; un groupe ségrégé pour lequel il est crucial de comprendre les interactions entre marché du travail et marché du logement. Dans cette thèse, je développe plusieurs modélisations microéconomiques permettant d'éclairer certains dysfonctionnements du marché du logement face à une population de consommateurs économiquement précaires, soumise aux préjugés éventuels des autres acteurs du marché et dont près de la moitié est en réalité prise en charge par une politique publique de logement social. Les prédictions issues de ces différentes modélisations sont ensuite confrontées à la situation des immigrés d'origine africaine en France, observés au cours de la période 1996-2006 à travers l'Enquête Nationale Logement. Sont établis les résultats suivants : l'existence d'une discrimination à l'encontre des immigrés d'origine africaine sur le marché locatif privé, pouvant expliquer une partie de leur surreprésentation dans le parc HLM; l'existence d'un tri spatial des locataires HLM d'origine africaine vers les logements situés dans quartiers les plus pauvres ; enfin, le rôle du marché du logement dans l'explication du surcroît de chômage frappant cette population.

Despite their heterogeneity, African immigrants in France share common difficulties in terms of labor market and housing market access. As such, they may be studied as a group : a group with its own geography (high urbanization rate and over-representation in poor, public-housing-dominated neighborhoods) ; a group whose relative labor market integration has declined over the past decades ; a segregated group for which understanding the interplay between the labor market and the housing market is crucial. In the four chapters of this thesis, I build several microeconomic models which attempt to describe some of the failures of the housing market when it is confronted with a group of economically fragile consumers, who may suffer from others' prejudice and who massively benefit from a government-controlled public housing program. The predictions that are derived from these models are then tested on the population of African immigrants in France, mostly through the statistical analysis of the last three waves (1996, 2002 and 2006) of the French National Housing Survey. The main results are threefold : first, African immigrants do suffer from customerbased discrimination in the private rental housing market, which may partly explain their high participation rate to public housing ; second, sorting echanisms within the French public housing market direct African public tenants into the poorest neighborhoods, even though the rent gradient of public housing with respect to location characteristics is almost flat ; last, both geographic preferences and housing market access play some role in explaining the residual unemployment and urbanization gaps between African immigrants and nonimmigrants in France. ; Malgré leur grande diversité, les immigrés d'origine africaine en France éprouvent des difficultés spécifiques d'accès aux marchés du travail et du logement qui rendent pertinente leur étude en tant que groupe : un groupe doté d'une géographie propre -un fort tropisme urbain et une surreprésentation dans les quartiers ...

Despite their heterogeneity, African immigrants in France share common difficulties in terms of labor market and housing market access. As such, they may be studied as a group : a group with its own geography (high urbanization rate and over-representation in poor, public-housing-dominated neighborhoods) ; a group whose relative labor market integration has declined over the past decades ; a segregated group for which understanding the interplay between the labor market and the housing market is crucial. In the four chapters of this thesis, I build several microeconomic models which attempt to describe some of the failures of the housing market when it is confronted with a group of economically fragile consumers, who may suffer from others' prejudice and who massively benefit from a government-controlled public housing program. The predictions that are derived from these models are then tested on the population of African immigrants in France, mostly through the statistical analysis of the last three waves (1996, 2002 and 2006) of the French National Housing Survey. The main results are threefold : first, African immigrants do suffer from customerbased discrimination in the private rental housing market, which may partly explain their high participation rate to public housing ; second, sorting echanisms within the French public housing market direct African public tenants into the poorest neighborhoods, even though the rent gradient of public housing with respect to location characteristics is almost flat ; last, both geographic preferences and housing market access play some role in explaining the residual unemployment and urbanization gaps between African immigrants and nonimmigrants in France. ; Malgré leur grande diversité, les immigrés d'origine africaine en France éprouvent des difficultés spécifiques d'accès aux marchés du travail et du logement qui rendent pertinente leur étude en tant que groupe : un groupe doté d'une géographie propre -un fort tropisme urbain et une surreprésentation dans les quartiers ...

This paper providesempirical support to the intuitive statement that urban geography matters to the success or failure of place-based public policies, using the French enterprise zone program as a case study. According to the few existing evaluations, this program has only had a small positive average impact on firm and job creation rates. In addition, this impact was shown to be strongly heterogeneous across the treated neighborhoods may account for part of these results. We estimate a series of augmented difference-in-differences models in which we interact the treatment indicator with a series of original indicators of spatial isolation, wich account for severance, peripherality and disconnection to transportation networks within the urban area. Results indicate that isolation does matter to explain spatial differentials in job creation and firm settlement rates across enterprise zones: only accessible neighborhoods were able to draw benefits from tax breaks and social exemptions. moreover, whereas the program mostly worked through a displacement effect on pre-existing firms, we show that urban geography was a clear determinant of the decision to create new firms from scratch.