Suchergebnisse

An evaluation of the economic aspects of urban restructuring in Arab settlements within Israel highlights the Arab dependence on Israel's progressive economy & growth through modernization. In forty years, a great majority of once traditional Arab settlements in Israel have converted in discrete stages to a more urban configuration. These stages include: a traditional settlement stage prior to 1954, centered around subsistence farming; & a dependence stage, 1955-1967, during which day labor employment opportunities for Arabs in Israel resulted in greater incomes & an accumulation of capital. At the same time, a higher fertility rate & the increased population of the settlement produced a residential building boom favoring modern housing. Growth in the Arab services sector also contributed to the development of an Arab market economy. The period 1967-1982 was marked by a dormant phase of urbanization, with relatively little employment mobility for Arabs working in the Israeli labor market. While few outstanding changes are noted in key urbanization measures since 1983, Arabs have tentatively worked toward integration with the modern Israeli state. J. Sadler

Israeli Palestinians perceive Israeli national space as a hierarchical system of territories, associated with the different elements of their collective identity. They partition space into meaningful territorial units on eight different hierarchical levels. The three most outstanding levels of the hierarchy are those associated with their national, their Israeli citizenship, and their subethnic identities. Analysis of their attachment to the different territorial units reveals that, although they have an undoubted sense of Palestinian identity, they do not deny their Israeli citizenship. In confronfing the disparity between these two identifies, they seek to overcome the difficulties of complete adaptation to either of them by their attempt to establish for themselves a status of limited freedom of choice and territorial autonomy.

The aim of this article is to bring into awareness some major dimensions of interpretation in geographic thought. Several contextual and epistemological dimensions of interpretation are mentioned. Among them are scholars' roles, activities, fields of interest, styles of approaching the subject matter, modes of narrative, and formal modes of argument. It is argued that interpretations arise out of geographers' biographies within their sociospatial context, and are institutionalized in each historical period into several incompatible world views. Each of them consists of different concepts, methodologies, and practices. It is argued also that the discipline as a whole may be enriched by all the perspectives that prove themselves as relatively adequate.

"This book traces how the geographical sciences have become entwined with politics, territorial claim making, and nation-building in Israel/Palestine. In particular, the focus is on the history of geographical sciences before and after the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948, and how surveying, mapping, and naming the new territory become a crucial part of its making. With the 1993 Oslo Interim Agreement, Palestinians also surveyed and mapped the territory allocated to a future State of Palestine, with the expectation that they will, within five years, gain full sovereignty. In both cases, maps served to evoke a sense of national identity, facilitated a state's ability to govern, and helped delineate territory. Besides maps geopolitical functions for nation-state building, they also become weapons in map wars. Before and after the 1967 war between Israel and its Arab neighbors, maps of the region became one of the many battlefields in which political conflicts over land claims and the ethno-national identity of this contested land were being waged. Aided by an increasingly user-defined mapping environment, Israeli and Palestinian governmental and non-governmental organizations increasingly relied on the rhetoric of maps in order to put forth their geopolitical visions. Such struggles over land and its rightful owners in Israel/Palestine exemplify processes underway in other states across the globe, whether in South Africa or Ukraine, which are engaged in disputes over territorial boundaries, national identities, and the territorial integrity of nation-states. Maps, no less, have become crucial tools in these struggles"--

Machine generated contents note: PART 1: AGENCY AND SEGREGATION -- 2. Itzhak Benenson and Itzhak Omer, Measuring Individual -- Segregation in Space - A Formal Approach and Case Study 11 -- 3. Izhak Schnell, Segregation in Everyday Life Spaces: -- A Conceptual Model 39 -- 4. Jean-Bernard Racine, Migration, Places and Intercultural -- Relations in Cities 67 -- 5. Marina Marengo, Interculturality: A Preferential Path in the -- Search for a New Urban Social Equilibrium? 87 -- PART 2: SEGREGATION AND STATE POLICIES -- 6. Tineke Domburg-De Rooij and Sako Musterd, Ethnic -- Segregation and the Welfare State 107 -- 7. Andreas Farwick, Britta Klagge and Wolfgang Taubmann, -- Urban Poverty in Germany 133 -- 8. Wim Ostendorf, Segregation and Urban Policies in the -- Netherlands 159 -- PART 3: A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE -- 9. Charles Small, National Identity in a Transforming Quebec -- Society: Socio-Economic and Spatial Segregation in Montreal 181 -- 10. Ludger Basten and Lienhard Lotscher, Segregation in the -- Ruhr 221 -- 11. Andre Horn, New Perspectives on Urban Segregation and -- Desegregation in Post-Resolution South Africa 247 -- 12. Gu Chaolin and Christian Kesteloot, Beijing's Socio-Spatial -- Structure in Transition 285

Within the last 2000 years the land demarcated by the Mediterranean Sea to the west and the Jordan Valley to the east has been one of the most disputed territories in history. World powers have redrawn its boundaries numerous times. Since the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948 within British Mandate Palestine, Palestinians and Israelis have disagreed over the national identity of the land that they both inhabit. The struggles have extended from the battlefields to the classrooms. In the process, different national and ethnic groups have used various sciences, ranging from archeology to history and geography, to prove territorial claims based on their historical presence in the region. But how have various Israeli social and political groups used maps to solidify claims over the territory? In this paper we bring together science studies and critical cartography in order to investigate cartographic representations as socially embedded practices and address how visual rhetoric intersects with knowledge claims in cartography. Before the 1967 war between Israel and its Arab neighbors, the Israeli government and the Jewish National Fund produced maps of Israel that established a Hebrew topography of the land. After 1967, Israel's expanded territorial control made the demarcation of its borders ever more controversial. Consequently, various Israeli interest groups and political parties increasingly used various cartographic techniques to forge territorial spaces, demarcate disputed boundaries, and inscribe particular national, political, and ethnic identities onto the land.

The author argues that a demographic change in the Palestinian society is possible, but it is likely that it will occur only when a sovereign Palestinian state with permanent boundaries strong and orderly Palestinian state is created. The argument is based on the comparison between Palestinian demographic behaviour and the demographic behaviour of other Muslim societies (Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iran and Bangladesh as four typical examples), assuming that they will respond similarly to similar socio-political forces. (GIGA-Hns)

Social area analysis tends to view the city as constituted of a mosaic of socially homogeneous containers. The Chicago model views the mosaic as compactly organised around one centre and as a response to geometrically deduced forces. The Los Angeles model views social areas to be socially constituted in a more dispersed geometry. Our model, verified in this study, shows that globalising cities may produce highly heterogeneous residential spaces, even in highly ethnic societies. We propose to start the analysis from individuals' behaviour, with respect to their actual daily life-spaces and social networks. We argue that, under these conditions, a multilayered spatial model better describes the socio-spatial reality of cities that integrate people in the globalising world. Each layer represents a socially constituted space which integrates participants in a particular social network. Members of the network manage their daily life in these spaces, which are not necessarily continuous, and in many cases expand into wide and sometimes even global horizons, creating thereby interstices with other groups' social spaces. In most cases, there are partly open social networks among layered social areas but, in one-third of the cases, protagonists developed social networks only with colleagues from their own ethnic group, avoiding interlayered networks. This may lead to social segregation even in residentially heterogeneous areas. In such cases, segregation is the result of a lack of social networks among layers. However, segregation may also follow the traditional model, in which a group concentrates in an ethnically homogeneous residential space. This may develop in areas claimed by one social group constituting a segregated territory and having intraethnic networks limited to the specific ethnic territory.