Suchergebnisse

National audience ; This study is an analysis of a historical document dating back to 1758, entitled Atlas topographique du comté de Bitche (north-eastern France). This document was signed by a French engineer. It was drafted during the small ice age, following a period when forestry practices were stopped for 100 years or so because of severe political unrest. The document describes beech-oak forests (age, dimensions, sanitary state, regeneration) of the Pays de Bitche, in order to evaluate their richness. By converting the qualitative data of the atlas into semi-quantitative data, we managed to recreate landscapes at that time. The age-diameter matching proposed by the atlas was re-evaluated by coring present-day trees. The results showed the presence of a mature beech forest dominated by beech, very rich in large and very large trees, including a substantial number of oaks that died following competition with beech and repeated climate stress. The better resistance of beech to climate stress is discussed. ; Cette étude analyse un document historique datant de 1758, dénommé l'Atlas topographique du comté de Bitche, situé au nord-est de la France. Ce document signé d'un ingénieur français a été élaboré au cours du petit âge glaciaire, après une période d'abandon des usages d'environ 100 ans en raison de graves troubles politiques. Il y décrit les hêtraies-chênaies (âge, dimensions, état sanitaire, régénération) du Pays de Bitche, afin d'en évaluer les richesses forestières. Par conversion des données qualitatives de l'atlas en données semi-quantitatives, il a été possible de reconstituer les paysages de l'époque. Les correspondances âges et diamètres proposés par l'atlas ont été réévaluées par carottages d'arbres actuels. Les résultats indiquent une hêtraie mature dominée par le Hêtre, très riche en gros bois et très gros bois incluant aussi une grande quantité de chênes morts par compétition avec le hêtre et stress climatiques répétés. La meilleure résistance du hêtre aux stress climatiques est discutée.

This study is an analysis of a historical document dating back to 1758, entitled Atlas topographique du comté de Bitche (north-eastern France). This document was signed by a French engineer. It was drafted during the small ice age, following a period when forestry practices were stopped for 100 years or so because of severe political unrest. The document describes beech-oak forests (age, dimensions, sanitary state, regeneration) of the Pays de Bitche, in order to evaluate their richness. By converting the qualitative data of the atlas into semi-quantitative data, we managed to recreate landscapes at that time. The age-diameter matching proposed by the atlas was re-evaluated by coring present-day trees. The results showed the presence of a mature beech forest dominated by beech, very rich in large and very large trees, including a substantial number of oaks that died following competition with beech and repeated climate stress. The better resistance of beech to climate stress is discussed. ; National audience Cette étude analyse un document historique datant de 1758, dénommé l'Atlas topographique du comté de Bitche, situé au nord-est de la France. Ce document signé d'un ingénieur français a été élaboré au cours du petit âge glaciaire, après une période d'abandon des usages d'environ 100 ans en raison de graves troubles politiques. Il y décrit les hêtraies-chênaies (âge, dimensions, état sanitaire, régénération) du Pays de Bitche, afin d'en évaluer les richesses forestières. Par conversion des données qualitatives de l'atlas en données semi-quantitatives, il a été possible de reconstituer les paysages de l'époque. Les correspondances âges et diamètres proposés par l'atlas ont été réévaluées par carottages d'arbres actuels. Les résultats indiquent une hêtraie mature dominée par le Hêtre, très riche en gros bois et très gros bois incluant aussi une grande quantité de chênes morts par compétition avec le hêtre et stress climatiques répétés. La meilleure résistance du hêtre aux stress climatiques est discutée.

National audience ; This study is an analysis of a historical document dating back to 1758, entitled Atlas topographique du comté de Bitche (north-eastern France). This document was signed by a French engineer. It was drafted during the small ice age, following a period when forestry practices were stopped for 100 years or so because of severe political unrest. The document describes beech-oak forests (age, dimensions, sanitary state, regeneration) of the Pays de Bitche, in order to evaluate their richness. By converting the qualitative data of the atlas into semi-quantitative data, we managed to recreate landscapes at that time. The age-diameter matching proposed by the atlas was re-evaluated by coring present-day trees. The results showed the presence of a mature beech forest dominated by beech, very rich in large and very large trees, including a substantial number of oaks that died following competition with beech and repeated climate stress. The better resistance of beech to climate stress is discussed. ; Cette étude analyse un document historique datant de 1758, dénommé l'Atlas topographique du comté de Bitche, situé au nord-est de la France. Ce document signé d'un ingénieur français a été élaboré au cours du petit âge glaciaire, après une période d'abandon des usages d'environ 100 ans en raison de graves troubles politiques. Il y décrit les hêtraies-chênaies (âge, dimensions, état sanitaire, régénération) du Pays de Bitche, afin d'en évaluer les richesses forestières. Par conversion des données qualitatives de l'atlas en données semi-quantitatives, il a été possible de reconstituer les paysages de l'époque. Les correspondances âges et diamètres proposés par l'atlas ont été réévaluées par carottages d'arbres actuels. Les résultats indiquent une hêtraie mature dominée par le Hêtre, très riche en gros bois et très gros bois incluant aussi une grande quantité de chênes morts par compétition avec le hêtre et stress climatiques répétés. La meilleure résistance du hêtre aux stress climatiques est discutée.

National audience ; This study is an analysis of a historical document dating back to 1758, entitled Atlas topographique du comté de Bitche (north-eastern France). This document was signed by a French engineer. It was drafted during the small ice age, following a period when forestry practices were stopped for 100 years or so because of severe political unrest. The document describes beech-oak forests (age, dimensions, sanitary state, regeneration) of the Pays de Bitche, in order to evaluate their richness. By converting the qualitative data of the atlas into semi-quantitative data, we managed to recreate landscapes at that time. The age-diameter matching proposed by the atlas was re-evaluated by coring present-day trees. The results showed the presence of a mature beech forest dominated by beech, very rich in large and very large trees, including a substantial number of oaks that died following competition with beech and repeated climate stress. The better resistance of beech to climate stress is discussed. ; Cette étude analyse un document historique datant de 1758, dénommé l'Atlas topographique du comté de Bitche, situé au nord-est de la France. Ce document signé d'un ingénieur français a été élaboré au cours du petit âge glaciaire, après une période d'abandon des usages d'environ 100 ans en raison de graves troubles politiques. Il y décrit les hêtraies-chênaies (âge, dimensions, état sanitaire, régénération) du Pays de Bitche, afin d'en évaluer les richesses forestières. Par conversion des données qualitatives de l'atlas en données semi-quantitatives, il a été possible de reconstituer les paysages de l'époque. Les correspondances âges et diamètres proposés par l'atlas ont été réévaluées par carottages d'arbres actuels. Les résultats indiquent une hêtraie mature dominée par le Hêtre, très riche en gros bois et très gros bois incluant aussi une grande quantité de chênes morts par compétition avec le hêtre et stress climatiques répétés. La meilleure résistance du hêtre aux stress climatiques est discutée.

Die Vielfalt der europäischen Wälder ist beeindruckend, wie dieser aussergewöhnliche Bildband aufzeigt. 69 Fotografen haben ursprüngliche und naturbelassene Wälder in 48 Ländern Europas besucht und in aussergewöhnlichen Farbaufnahmen dokumentiert. Boreale Nadelwälder in Finnland, Stieleichenwälder in Spanien, Feuchtwälder in Lettland, Lorbeerwälder auf den Kanarischen Inseln, Erlenbruchwald in Deutschland, Korkeichenwald auf Sardinien seien hier als Beispiele genannt. Auch die Tierwelt ist angemessen vertreten vom Grossen Eichenbock zum Waldmistkäfer, vom Feuersalamander zur Sumpfschildkröte, vom Kernbeisser bis zum Schwarzstorch, vom Braunbär bis zum Wisent. Die einmaligen Fotos können mehr zum Schutz der Wälder beitragen als der begleitende Text, der lediglich die Wälder der unterschiedlichen Klimazonen beschreibt und an einen nachhaltigen Naturschutz appelliert. Ähnlich schön ist "Urwälder Deutschlands" von G. Sperber (BA 1/05). (2)

Au XXe siècle, le cerf devient un gibier intéressant pour la chasse et est soumis aux règles de droit national. Des règles de chasse sont édictées pour réguler les populations, qui ont largement progressé en quelques décennies. L'évolution de la sylviculture vers l'artificialisation des peuplements et des faibles densités de peuplements, le nourrissage des animaux l'hiver, et l'agriculture intensive ont contribué à l'explosion des populations d'ongulés sauvages, en augmentant artificiellement la capacité alimentaire du milieu. L'absence de prédateurs est également en cause. Pour limiter les populations d'ongulés, il faudrait mettre en place une politique intelligente de restriction de la demande des ressources naturelles de la forêt : une gestion forestière plus proche du modèle naturel (type gestion jardinatoire qui abaisse la capacité alimentaire des sousbois, en les assombrissant), le respect des lois de la chasse, le retour des prédateurs. D'autres mesures à mettre en place sont de limiter la pénétration excessive du public en rendant l'accès aux forêts moins facile. ; In the 20th century, deer became sought-after game for hunters and was subject to the rule of national law. Hunting rules were devised to regulate deer populations as a result of which these grew significantly within a few decades. As forest management evolved towards artificial stands and low stand densities, feeding of animals in winter and intensive farming, populations of wild ungulates exploded along with the artificial growth of the environment's the feeding capacity. The absence of predators also had an impact. To limit these ungulate populations requires the establishment of an intelligent policy of restrictions on the demand for forest natural resources: forest management that is closer to the natural model (of the selection system type that lowers the feeding capacity of the undergrowth by making it darker), compliance with hunting rules and re-establishment of predators. Additionally, other measures designed to limit excessive entry into forests by the public by making them more difficult to access could also be implemented.

International audience ; In the 20th century, deer became sought-after game for hunters and was subject to the rule of national law. Hunting rules were devised to regulate deer populations as a result of which these grew significantly within a few decades. As forest management evolved towards artificial stands and low stand densities, feeding of animals in winter and intensive farming, populations of wild ungulates exploded along with the artificial growth of the environment's the feeding capacity. The absence of predators also had an impact. To limit these ungulate populations requires the establishment of an intelligent policy of restrictions on the demand for forest natural resources: forest management that is closer to the natural model (of the selection system type that lowers the feeding capacity of the undergrowth by making it darker), compliance with hunting rules and re-establishment of predators. Additionally, other measures designed to limit excessive entry into forests by the public by making them more difficult to access could also be implemented. ; Au XXe siècle, le cerf devient un gibier intéressant pour la chasse et est soumis aux règles de droit national. Des règles de chasse sont édictées pour réguler les populations, qui ont largement progressé en quelques décennies. L'évolution de la sylviculture vers l'artificialisation des peuplements et des faibles densités de peuplements, le nourrissage des animaux l'hiver, et l'agriculture intensive ont contribué à l'explosion des populations d'ongulés sauvages, en augmentant artificiellement la capacité alimentaire du milieu. L'absence de prédateurs est également en cause. Pour limiter les populations d'ongulés, il faudrait mettre en place une politique intelligente de restriction de la demande des ressources naturelles de la forêt : une gestion forestière plus proche du modèle naturel (type gestion jardinatoire qui abaisse la capacité alimentaire des sousbois, en les assombrissant), le respect des lois de la chasse, le retour des prédateurs. D'autres ...

Neighbourhood models are useful tools for understanding the role of positive and negative interactions in maintaining the tree species diversity in mixed forests. Under such a presumption, we aimed at testing several hypotheses concerning the mechanisms of autogenic species coexistence in an old-growth, beech-fir-spruce stand, which is part of the Slătioara forest reserve (Eastern Carpathians). Univariate/bivariate spatial point pattern analyses, the individual tree species-area relationship, the species mingling analysis and generalised linear mixed models of neighbour interference were applied on data concerning the position and allometry of all saplings and trees occurring within a 0.24 ha plot. The monospecific distribution of either beech or spruce saplings did not support the spatial segregation hypothesis. There was no evidence of conspecific negative distance dependence, as no spatial segregation was detected between the saplings and trees of any species. Within 4 m-neighbourhood, the beech saplings appeared as diversity accumulators, which might be indicative of indirect facilitation (e.g., herd protection hypothesis). At tree stage, none of the three species showed either accumulator or repeller patterns in their neighbourhood with respect to sapling species richness. Signals of positive and negative interspecific association were found in tree-sized beech (at scales of 10 to 20 m) and spruce (at scales of 4 to 17 m), respectively. The former, highly interspersed pattern is in accordance with the hypothesis of positive complementary effects, whereas the latter, poorly intermingled pattern is probably linked to the unexpected, positive neighbouring effect of spruce trees on the stem growth of their conspecific saplings. Such self-favouring process might be due to a facilitative below-ground mechanism. Conversely, the beech saplings were suppressed through interference from the neighbouring conspecific trees. The beech appears to be the key promoter of tree species coexistence in the study forest stand, in contrast to the low interspersion of spruce in the overstorey leading to lower local tree diversity.

International audience ; At the end of October 2018, a storm of unprecedented strength severely damaged the forests of the eastern sector of the Italian Alps. The affected forest area covers 42,500 ha. The president of one of the damaged regions asked for help from the University of Padua. After eight months of discussion, the authors of this article wrote a consensus text. The sometimes asper debate brought to light some crucial aspects: 1) even experienced specialists may have various opinions based on scientific knowledge that lead to conflicting proposals for action. For some of them there is evidence that to restore a destroyed natural environment it is more judicious to do nothing; 2) the soil corresponds to a living structure and every ecosystem's management should be based on it; 3) faced with a catastrophe, people and politicians find themselves unarmed, also because they rarely have the scientific background to understand natural processes. Yet politicians are the only persons who make the key decisions that drive the economy in play and therefore determine the near future of our planet. This article is an attempt to respond directly to a governor with a degree in animal production science, who formally and prudently asked a university department called "Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry" for help before taking decisions; 4) the authors also propose an artistic interpretation of facts (uncontrolled storm) and conclusions (listen to the soil). Briefly, the authors identify the soil as an indispensable source for the renewal of the destroyed forest, give indications on how to prepare a map of the soils of the damaged region, and suggest to anchor on this soil map a series of silvicultural and soil management actions that will promote the soil conservation and the faster recovery of the natural dynamic stability and resilience.

At the end of October 2018, a storm of unprecedented strength severely damaged the forests of the eastern sector of the Italian Alps. The affected forest area covers 42,500 ha. The president of one of the damaged regions asked for help from the University of Padua. After eight months of discussion, the authors of this article wrote a consensus text. The sometimes asper debate brought to light some crucial aspects: 1) even experienced specialists may have various opinions based on scientific knowledge that lead to conflicting proposals for action. For some of them there is evidence that to restore a destroyed natural environment it is more judicious to do nothing; 2) the soil corresponds to a living structure and every ecosystem's management should be based on it; 3) faced with a catastrophe, people and politicians find themselves unarmed, also because they rarely have the scientific background to understand natural processes. Yet politicians are the only persons who make the key decisions that drive the economy in play and therefore determine the near future of our planet. This article is an attempt to respond directly to a governor with a degree in animal production science, who formally and prudently asked a university department called "Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry" for help before taking decisions; 4) the authors also propose an artistic interpretation of facts (uncontrolled storm) and conclusions (listen to the soil). Briefly, the authors identify the soil as an indispensable source for the renewal of the destroyed forest, give indications on how to prepare a map of the soils of the damaged region, and suggest to anchor on this soil map a series of silvicultural and soil management actions that will promote the soil conservation and the faster recovery of the natural dynamic stability and resilience.

International audience ; At the end of October 2018, a storm of unprecedented strength severely damaged the forests of the eastern sector of the Italian Alps. The affected forest area covers 42,500 ha. The president of one of the damaged regions asked for help from the University of Padua. After eight months of discussion, the authors of this article wrote a consensus text. The sometimes asper debate brought to light some crucial aspects: 1) even experienced specialists may have various opinions based on scientific knowledge that lead to conflicting proposals for action. For some of them there is evidence that to restore a destroyed natural environment it is more judicious to do nothing; 2) the soil corresponds to a living structure and every ecosystem's management should be based on it; 3) faced with a catastrophe, people and politicians find themselves unarmed, also because they rarely have the scientific background to understand natural processes. Yet politicians are the only persons who make the key decisions that drive the economy in play and therefore determine the near future of our planet. This article is an attempt to respond directly to a governor with a degree in animal production science, who formally and prudently asked a university department called "Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry" for help before taking decisions; 4) the authors also propose an artistic interpretation of facts (uncontrolled storm) and conclusions (listen to the soil). Briefly, the authors identify the soil as an indispensable source for the renewal of the destroyed forest, give indications on how to prepare a map of the soils of the damaged region, and suggest to anchor on this soil map a series of silvicultural and soil management actions that will promote the soil conservation and the faster recovery of the natural dynamic stability and resilience.

International audience ; At the end of October 2018, a storm of unprecedented strength severely damaged the forests of the eastern sector of the Italian Alps. The affected forest area covers 42,500 ha. The president of one of the damaged regions asked for help from the University of Padua. After eight months of discussion, the authors of this article wrote a consensus text. The sometimes asper debate brought to light some crucial aspects: 1) even experienced specialists may have various opinions based on scientific knowledge that lead to conflicting proposals for action. For some of them there is evidence that to restore a destroyed natural environment it is more judicious to do nothing; 2) the soil corresponds to a living structure and every ecosystem's management should be based on it; 3) faced with a catastrophe, people and politicians find themselves unarmed, also because they rarely have the scientific background to understand natural processes. Yet politicians are the only persons who make the key decisions that drive the economy in play and therefore determine the near future of our planet. This article is an attempt to respond directly to a governor with a degree in animal production science, who formally and prudently asked a university department called "Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry" for help before taking decisions; 4) the authors also propose an artistic interpretation of facts (uncontrolled storm) and conclusions (listen to the soil). Briefly, the authors identify the soil as an indispensable source for the renewal of the destroyed forest, give indications on how to prepare a map of the soils of the damaged region, and suggest to anchor on this soil map a series of silvicultural and soil management actions that will promote the soil conservation and the faster recovery of the natural dynamic stability and resilience.

International audience ; At the end of October 2018, a storm of unprecedented strength severely damaged the forests of the eastern sector of the Italian Alps. The affected forest area covers 42,500 ha. The president of one of the damaged regions asked for help from the University of Padua. After eight months of discussion, the authors of this article wrote a consensus text. The sometimes asper debate brought to light some crucial aspects: 1) even experienced specialists may have various opinions based on scientific knowledge that lead to conflicting proposals for action. For some of them there is evidence that to restore a destroyed natural environment it is more judicious to do nothing; 2) the soil corresponds to a living structure and every ecosystem's management should be based on it; 3) faced with a catastrophe, people and politicians find themselves unarmed, also because they rarely have the scientific background to understand natural processes. Yet politicians are the only persons who make the key decisions that drive the economy in play and therefore determine the near future of our planet. This article is an attempt to respond directly to a governor with a degree in animal production science, who formally and prudently asked a university department called "Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry" for help before taking decisions; 4) the authors also propose an artistic interpretation of facts (uncontrolled storm) and conclusions (listen to the soil). Briefly, the authors identify the soil as an indispensable source for the renewal of the destroyed forest, give indications on how to prepare a map of the soils of the damaged region, and suggest to anchor on this soil map a series of silvicultural and soil management actions that will promote the soil conservation and the faster recovery of the natural dynamic stability and resilience.

International audience ; At the end of October 2018, a storm of unprecedented strength severely damaged the forests of the eastern sector of the Italian Alps. The affected forest area covers 42,500 ha. The president of one of the damaged regions asked for help from the University of Padua. After eight months of discussion, the authors of this article wrote a consensus text. The sometimes asper debate brought to light some crucial aspects: 1) even experienced specialists may have various opinions based on scientific knowledge that lead to conflicting proposals for action. For some of them there is evidence that to restore a destroyed natural environment it is more judicious to do nothing; 2) the soil corresponds to a living structure and every ecosystem's management should be based on it; 3) faced with a catastrophe, people and politicians find themselves unarmed, also because they rarely have the scientific background to understand natural processes. Yet politicians are the only persons who make the key decisions that drive the economy in play and therefore determine the near future of our planet. This article is an attempt to respond directly to a governor with a degree in animal production science, who formally and prudently asked a university department called "Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry" for help before taking decisions; 4) the authors also propose an artistic interpretation of facts (uncontrolled storm) and conclusions (listen to the soil). Briefly, the authors identify the soil as an indispensable source for the renewal of the destroyed forest, give indications on how to prepare a map of the soils of the damaged region, and suggest to anchor on this soil map a series of silvicultural and soil management actions that will promote the soil conservation and the faster recovery of the natural dynamic stability and resilience.

International audience ; At the end of October 2018, a storm of unprecedented strength severely damaged the forests of the eastern sector of the Italian Alps. The affected forest area covers 42,500 ha. The president of one of the damaged regions asked for help from the University of Padua. After eight months of discussion, the authors of this article wrote a consensus text. The sometimes asper debate brought to light some crucial aspects: 1) even experienced specialists may have various opinions based on scientific knowledge that lead to conflicting proposals for action. For some of them there is evidence that to restore a destroyed natural environment it is more judicious to do nothing; 2) the soil corresponds to a living structure and every ecosystem's management should be based on it; 3) faced with a catastrophe, people and politicians find themselves unarmed, also because they rarely have the scientific background to understand natural processes. Yet politicians are the only persons who make the key decisions that drive the economy in play and therefore determine the near future of our planet. This article is an attempt to respond directly to a governor with a degree in animal production science, who formally and prudently asked a university department called "Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry" for help before taking decisions; 4) the authors also propose an artistic interpretation of facts (uncontrolled storm) and conclusions (listen to the soil). Briefly, the authors identify the soil as an indispensable source for the renewal of the destroyed forest, give indications on how to prepare a map of the soils of the damaged region, and suggest to anchor on this soil map a series of silvicultural and soil management actions that will promote the soil conservation and the faster recovery of the natural dynamic stability and resilience.