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Why do processes of policymaking on migration and (migration-related) diversity so often seem 'out of control'? This article proposes a new conceptual framework for understanding the role of complexity in the governance of migration and diversity. Complexity literature argues that complex problems like migration and diversity require complex approaches. However, migration literature shows that policy processes in these areas often fail to capture complexity, for instance through 'quick fixes' in migration regulation or on a strong belief in state-led 'immigrant integration.' This results in what will be conceptualised as 'alienation' from issue developments in migration and diversity, which comes in various forms: problem, institutional, political and social alienation. Alternatively, 'mainstreaming' is conceptualised as a governance approach that does try to capture rather than deny complexity. This requires, however, a rethinking of migration and diversity governance as a generic approach that does not treat migration and diversity as 'stand-alone' topics, that is oriented at the whole (diverse) population, that involves complex actor networks and a contingent and emergent process rather than a one-size-fits-all policy model. By helping actors to understand and respond to complexity, researchers can contribute to reflexivity in policy processes and help to promote mainstreaming and prevent alienation.

The key question addressed in this article is how to reconceptualise migrant integration at the level of urban governance in the face of the changing nature of migration-related diversity. There is a growing number of cities in Europe that can be defined as superdiverse cities, or cities where people with a migration background make up such a substantial part of the city population and are so diverse that it becomes difficult to speak of distinct migrant minorities. This article discusses the implications the changing nature of migration-related diversity has for urban governance. First, it argues that rather than thinking of integration in the sense of coherent national models of integration, integration should be redefined as a local issue. If it is conceptualised as a local issue, how should proper relations be developed between various levels of government in order to prevent policy decoupling or policy contradictions? Secondly, not only does this article argue that we should go through a local turn in our conceptualisation of the governance of migration-related diversity, it also pinpoints a specific direction in which local governance can develop: mainstreaming. Borrowing from the literatures of gender, disability, and environmental mainstreaming, it is argued that the structural character of migration-related diversity in contemporary cities requires a structural approach embedded in generic policies. Thirdly, the article discusses what this local turn and mainstreaming mean for relations between the local level and other levels of governance. Speaking to the literature on multi-level governance, it discusses to what extent the local turn in the governance of migration-related diversity has led to effective coordination between governance levels, or rather to evidence of what may be described as decoupling or disjointed governance. ; U radu se istražuju mogućnosti rekonceptualizacije pitanja integracije migranata na razini upravljanja gradovima uzevši u obzir promjene u području različitosti povezanih s migracijom. Sve je više europskih gradova koji odgovaraju definiciji "super-različitih", tj. radi se o gradovima gdje migrantska populacija čini znatan postotak ukupnog broja stanovnika i toliko je raznovrsna da se sve teže mogu razlikovati individualne migrantske skupine. U radu se razmatra kako različitosti povezane s migracijom utječu na upravljanje gradovima. Iznosi se teza da integracija ne bi trebala predstavljati cjelovite nacionalne ntegracijske modele, već da bi se trebala definirati kao lokalno pitanje. Tu se nameće pitanje kako urediti odnose između različitih razina upravljanja kako bi se izbjeglo razdvajanje politike (policy decoupling) te nastajanje proturječne politike. Nadalje, osim što se autor zalaže za konceptualizaciju upravljanja različitostima povezanih s migracijom kao lokalnog pitanja, u radu se predlaže smjer kojim bi lokalna vladavina mogla krenuti. Po uzoru na literaturu koja govori o ravnopravnosti (mainstreaming) u temama rodne različitosti, invaliditeta i zaštite okoliša, u radu se iznosi teza da strukturna priroda različitosti povezanih s migracijom u suvremenim gradovima zahtijeva strukturni pristup ugrađen u generičke politike. Također se govori o mogućem utjecaju lokalne definicije integracije na odnose između lokalne razine i ostalih razina upravljanja. S osvrtom na literaturu iz područja višerazinskog upravljanja govori se o mjeri u kojoj je lokalna definicija integracije dovela do učinkovite koordinacije između različitih razina upravljanja, tj. o primjerima onoga što se može nazvati razdvajanje politike ili neuslađenosti u upravljanju.

Our quest in this book was to unravel how the city of Rotterdam comes to terms with its superdiverse character. It speaks to the rapidly evolving literature on superdiversity by taking as the central case study a city that may be representative of a much broader range of cities in Europe (and beyond) that seem reluctant in coming to terms with superdiversity, and that are not ranked as global cities. The example of Rotterdam reveals the spectrum of contradictions and paradoxes that come along with this uncomfortable relationship with superdiversity. Rotterdam is both a city of inclusion, the first with a mayor of Moroccan descent, and a city of exclusion, with political discourses in the City Council that are exclusionary and sometimes outright discriminatory. The core question to be addressed in this concluding chapter is why in some cities, like Rotterdam, the transformation into a superdiverse city is more problematic and accompanied by political upheaval, while in other cities it seems to be a more smooth process. The term superdiversity is merely describing a certain reality that characterizes Rotterdam and is not used as a normative term. With this book, we want to contribute to the growing literature that is trying to explain under which conditions a superdiverse city or neighbourhood is perceived by its inhabitants as an overall positive configuration and under which conditions people perceive it as being a more negative phenomenon and it leads to a more negative discourse.

This open access book offers a critical perspective on intra-European mobility and migration by using new empirical data and theoretical discussions. It develops a theoretical and empirical analysis of the consequences of intra-European movement for sending and receiving urban regions in The Netherlands, Sweden, Austria, Turkey, Poland and Czech Republic. The book conceptualizes Central and Eastern European (CEE) migration by distinguishing between different types of CEE migrants and consequences. This involves a mapping of migration corridors within Europe, a unique empirical analysis of consequences for urban regions, and an analysis of governance responses. Next to the European and country perspectives on this phenomenon, the book focuses on the local perspective of urban regions where most mobile citizens settle (either permanently or temporarily). This way the book puts the analysis of intra-European movement in the perspective of broader theoretical debates in migration studies and beyond.

This book shows that intra-European movement not only raises various practical social and governance issues, but also deepens important theoretical and conceptual issues. This includes fundamental questions concerning the conceptualization within migration studies about its core object of analysis; when can something be considered as migration? In this book this concerns in particular whether to conceptualize intra-European movement as 'migration' or 'mobility'; can those who move in the EU be considered 'migrants' in a sociological sense or should they be conceptualized merely as mobile EU citizens making use of their right to free movement? The contestation of this very basic conceptualization reveals not only the political character of some of concepts used in this research field, but also the need for more cross-disciplinary work in the conceptualization of migration, here in particular between sociology and political sciences.

Migration: a historical perspective : European port cities as a case study/ Paul van de Laar -- Urban migration histories / Marlou Schrover -- Learning from history : city governance of migration and diversity in Britain and Germany / Sarah Hackett -- Creating succesful, diverse cities : what role can cultural institutions play? / Peggy Levitt -- Migrant entrepreneurship and cities : new opportunities, newcomers, new issues / Robert Kloosterman -- Participation of migrants in European cities : patterns of civic and political engagement / Laura Morales and Katia Pilati -- Local politics and immigration : mobilising immigrant associations beyond small scale cities / Juan Carlos Triviño-Salazar -- Political systems, parties and diversity : the case of Amsterdam / Floris Vermeulen -- How do local actors promote civic participation of immigrants and ethnic minorities? : approaches to integration and local dynamics / Teresa Cappiali -- Warsaw : a new immigration city in search of its integration policy towards new comers / Maciej Duszczyk, Dominika Pszczólkowska and Dominik Wach -- The worlds apart : the growing gap between national and local integration policies / Peter Scholten -- City immigrant affair officies in the United States : taking local control of immigrant integration / Els de Grauw -- Transnational city networks on migration between multilevel and local governance : an appraisal / Tiziana Caponio -- City governance of migration and diversity : interculturalism as a city policy paradigm / Ted Cantle and Ricard Zapata-Barrero -- The local governance of immigrant integration in Europe : the state of the art and a conceptual model for future research / Maria Schiller -- City governance of immigration in Canadian cities : the state of the art / Kristin Good -- The governance of superdiversity : a tale of two North American cities / Jill Simone Gross -- Rotterdam as a reluctant superdiverse city / Peter Scholten -- Intercultural governance index : an exploratory study in Spanish cities / Ricard Zapata-Barrero -- Superdiversity and the politics of culturalization in Amsterdam / Paul Mepschen and Jan Willem Duyvendak -- Delhi's superdiversity : a historical account to understand present-days / Sheetal Sharma -- Assembling a fragmented Bogotá : migrations, local polices and urban dynamics / Fabiola Pardo -- Jakarta : on the brink of being a divided city? : ethnicity, media and social transformation / Riwanto Tirtosudarmo and Aulia Hadi -- Urban diversity and inequality : the role of immigration in the socio-spatial organization of Lisbon / Maria Lucinda Fonseca and Jennifer McGarrigle -- Urban citizenship in times of emergency : the impact of national control policies on the incorporation of precarious migrants in Tel-Aviv/Jaffa / Adriana Kemp -- Lampedusa : dynamics of bordering and "encampment" / Marie Bassi -- Local impacts of global North's blackmailing on concerning transit migration : the cases of Tijuana and Istanbul / Giovanna Marconi -- Making and unmaking migrant irregularity : a border city during Italy's "migration crisis" / Simon McMahon

This open access book offers a critical perspective on intra-European mobility and migration by using new empirical data and theoretical discussions. It develops a theoretical and empirical analysis of the consequences of intra-European movement for sending and receiving urban regions in The Netherlands, Sweden, Austria, Turkey, Poland and Czech Republic. The book conceptualizes Central and Eastern European (CEE) migration by distinguishing between different types of CEE migrants and consequences. This involves a mapping of migration corridors within Europe, a unique empirical analysis of consequences for urban regions, and an analysis of governance responses. Next to the European and country perspectives on this phenomenon, the book focuses on the local perspective of urban regions where most mobile citizens settle (either permanently or temporarily). This way the book puts the analysis of intra-European movement in the perspective of broader theoretical debates in migration studies and beyond

This open access book discusses Rotterdam as clear example of a superdiverse city that is only reluctantly coming to terms with this new reality. Rotterdam, as is true for many post-industrial cities, has seen a considerable backlash against migration and diversity: the populist party Leefbaar Rotterdam of the late Pim Fortuyn is already for many years the largest party in the city. At the same time Rotterdam has become a majority minority city where the people of Dutch descent have become a numerical minority themselves. The book explores how Rotterdam is coming to terms with superdiversity, by an analysis of its migration history of the city, the composition of the migrant population and the Dutch working class population, local politics and by a comparison with Amsterdam and other cities. As such it contributes to a better understanding not just of how and why super-diverse cities emerge but also how and why the reaction to a super-diverse reality can be so different. By focusing on different aspects of superdiversity, coming from different angles and various disciplinary backgrounds, this book will be of interest to students and scholars in migration, policy sciences, urban studies and urban sociology, as well as policymakers and the broader public.

Abstract
Migration studies have developed rapidly as a research field over the past decades. This article provides an empirical analysis not only on the development in volume and the internationalization of the field, but also on the development in terms of topical focus within migration studies over the past three decades. To capture volume, internationalisation, and topic focus, our analysis involves a computer-based topic modelling of the landscape of migration studies. Rather than a linear growth path towards an increasingly diversified and fragmented field, as suggested in the literature, this reveals a more complex path of coming of age of migration studies. Although there seems to be even an accelerated growth for migration studies in terms of volume, its internationalisation proceeds only slowly. Furthermore, our analysis shows that rather than a growth of diversification of topics within migration topic, we see a shift between various topics within the field. Finally, our study shows that there is no consistent trend to more fragmentation in the field; in contrast, it reveals a recent recovery of connectedness between the topics in the field, suggesting an institutionalisation or even theoretical and conceptual coming of age of migration studies.