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Knowledge is globally institutionalized as three differentiated and interpenetrating social institutions: education as a social institution for transmitting humankind's existing knowledge, science as a social institution for creating new knowledge that becomes a global public good, and technology as a social institution for creating new knowledge that becomes privately appropriated. These three social institutions are governed by a global regime that is anchored in a web of organizations that through an epistemic community of analysts of knowledge, formulates and promulgates policies for knowledge. In education, the regime promotes transmission of existing knowledge to youth through schooling and also through the movement of students around the world. In science, the regime supports creation and diffusion of new knowledge around the world through open publication. In technology, the regime promotes private appropriation of new knowledge through property rights in the form of patenting, which is increasingly global.

This study accounts for the organization of scientific research in networks of socio-intellectual tices that bind scientists into a community cultivating the scientific tradition. During the twentieth century the scientific community has become incrcasingly global both in the sense that its membership has spread world-widely and in the sense that its long-distance ties have intensified. The globalization of the community and its ties has been promoted by widely institutionalized arrangements, especially through the world's adoption of and belief in several scientific tenets: the universal validity of scientific knowledge, the ownership principle that knowledge should be the common property of humankind, and the political principle of granting autonomy to scientists for forming ties. The community and its network of ties form a hierarchy with centers attracting ties from peripheries. During the twentieth century the main center has shifted from Western Europe to North America while Eastern Europe has become less central, East Asia has become a bit central, and other regions have remained peripheral. A center attracts students from around the world for education, attracts scientists for conferences and visits, attracts deference from scientists throughout the world, exerts pervasive influence, is widely emulated, and is a desired source of recognition . In the global networks of ties, specifically of deference, influence, emulation and desire for recognition, there is an accumulation in the center of ties, both from within the center as an enhanced self-reliance and from the periphery as an enhanced centrality, exceeding the research performance at the center.

Engineering science, like other fields of research and other world-spanning endeavors, has its rising and fading centers. This study uses surveys of academic researchers and literature in engineering to ascertain the surging Japanese and the relatively declining American research performance. Their recognition and centrality, as well as Japanese and American engineering scientists' participation in global collegial networks are examined Tests corroborate the hypothesis that a place of surging performance (Japan) is deprived of recognition and not yet a major center of influence and collaboration, and that, conversely, a decreasing relative perform ance of the existing center (United States) continues to accumulate recognition and centrality, exceeding its performance.

Science is atypical because it is cultivated with communal participation from throughout the world. This global formation has evolved recently. It originates in the institutionalization of a cosmopolitan tradition in Europe. The cosmopolitan orientation and the perceived usefulness of the European tradition promoted its adoption and institutionalization in the non-Western civilizations. A global institutional frame, including a global science policy regime, sustains communal participation in world science. Participation is described in terms of individual, national, and global communalformations.

Autarchy, self-reliance, and distinctiveness of an intellectual tradition in a society can be expected to be promoted by isolation of the society. Until the early 1990s, geopolitical constraints made science in the Soviet Union a case of comparatively high isolation. Measures derived from the publications by Soviet scientists and their responses to questionnaires, however, show that, in considerable degrees, their selection of problems was influenced by Western literature, their solutions to selected problems relied on results from the West, and they emulated, deferred to, and valued recognition from peers in the West. Although Soviet science was a regional center within the Eastern Bloc, it was also—and is increasingly more so—a periphery attached to the Western centers of scientific influence.

Die Gesundheitswissenschaften liefern die wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen für Gesundheitsförderung, Prävention und Gesundheitssystemgestaltung. Mit ihrer interdisziplinären Forschungs- und Handlungstradition trägt Public Health gestern wie heute maßgeblich zur Bewältigung zentraler gesellschaftspolitischer Herausforderungen bei. Die Schaffung und Erhaltung gesunder Lebenswelten und die Gewährleistung einer hochwertigen Versorgung im Krankheitsfall sind nur zwei der essentiellen Handlungsfelder. Nach einer ersten Blütezeit zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts und der Diskreditierung durch den Nationalsozialismus kehrte Public Health nach Jahrzehnten der Abwesenheit erst Ende der 1980er Jahre an die deutschen Universitäten und Fachhochschulen zurück. Die Wiederentdeckung und Neubelebung des Public-Health-Gedankens in Deutschland ist seither geprägt von einem sukzessiven Auf- und Ausbau, vom neuen Selbstverständnis einer aufstrebenden Wissenschaftsdisziplin. Ziel des Buchprojektes ist es, nach rund 20 Jahren, im kritischen Rückblick Erreichtes zu bilanzieren, eine Bestandsaufnahme gegenwärtiger Themenschwerpunkte vorzunehmen und einen Ausblick auf zukünftige Aufgaben in Forschung, Politik und Praxis der Gesundheitsversorgung zu geben.

Bis in die jüngste Vergangenheit war in Deutschland ein Trend zur vorzeitigen Berentung zu verzeichnen. Das mittlere Rentenzugangsalter sank kontinuierlich und mittlerweile ist die Erwerbsquote der über 55jährigen weltweit eine der geringsten im Vergleich zu anderen westlichen Industrienationen. Unternehmen investierten bislang wenig in das Humankapital "ältere Arbeitnehmer". Es steht jedoch nicht nur die Finanzierung des Sozialstaates auf dem Spiel. Für die nahe Zukunft kann auch ein Mangel an jüngeren Arbeitskräften prognostiziert werden. Zur Erhaltung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit sollten deshalb Unternehmen und Gesellschaft verstärkt in die Einbindung älterer Arbeitnehmer investieren und sowohl deren Qualifikation als auch Gesundheit im Rahmen einer aktiven betrieblichen Personal- und staatlichen Sozialpolitik fördern. Dieser Band zeigt - aufbauend auf einer Bestandsaufnahme - Notwendigkeiten und Möglichkeiten auf, wie z.B. über Kooperationen zwischen Arbeitgebern und Arbeitnehmern, der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung und der Krankenkasse und über Koordination von Leistungen und einen rationalen Einsatz vorhandener Ressourcen Synergieeffekte entstehen können. Das Ziel dabei ist, älteren Arbeitnehmern die Erwerbstätigkeit bei guter Gesundheit bis zum Erreichen der gesetzlichen Altersgrenze zu ermöglichen und dies zu einem individuell erstrebenswerten Ziel werden zu lassen. Mit Beiträgen von Dieter Ahrens, Bernhard Badura, Christoph Behrend, Michael Drupp, Hans Gerwinn, Bernhard Greitemann, Walther Heipertz, Friedrich Mehrhoff, Martina Morschhäuser, Uwe Osterholz, Lutz Packebusch, Friedhart Raschke, Thomas Schott, Wolfgang Slesina, Wolfgang Timm, Christian Vetter, Andreas Weber und Birgit Weber

A legendary professor at Louisiana State University, T. Harry Williams not only produced such acclaimed works as Lincoln and the Radicals, Lincoln and His Generals, and a biography of Huey Long that won both the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award, but he also mentored generations of students who became distinguished historians in their own right. In this collection, ten of those former students, along with one author greatly inspired by Williams's example, offer incisive essays that honor both Williams and his career-long dedication to sound, imaginative scholarship and broad historical inquiry. The opening and closing essays, fittingly enough, deal with Williams himself: a biographical sketch by Frank J. Wetta and a piece by Roger Spiller that place Williams in larger historical perspective among writers on Civil War generalship. The bulk of the book focuses on Robert E. Lee and a number of the commanders who served under him, starting with Charles Roland's seminal article "The Generalship of Robert E. Lee," the only one in the collection that has been previously published. Among the essays that follow Roland's are contributions by Brian Holden Reid on the ebb and flow of Lee's reputation, George C. Rable on Stonewall Jackson's deep religious commitment, A. Wilson Greene on P. G. T. Beauregard's role in the Petersburg Campaign, and William L. Richter on James Longstreet as postwar pariah. Together these gifted historians raise a host of penetrating and original questions about how we are to understand America's defining conflict in our own time-just as T. Harry Williams did in his. And by encompassing such varied subjects as military history, religion, and historiography, Lee and His Generals demonstrates once more what a fertile field Civil War scholarship remains. Lawrence Lee Hewitt is professor of history emeritus at

Until relatively recently, conventional wisdom held that the Trans-Mississippi Theater was a backwater of the American Civil War. Scholarship in recent decades has corrected this oversight, and a growing number of historians agree that the events west of the Mississippi River proved integral to the outcome of the war. Nevertheless, generals in the Trans-Mississippi have received little attention compared to their eastern counterparts, and many remain mere footnotes to Civil War history. This welcome volume features cutting-edge analyses of eight Southern generals in this most neglect