Suchergebnisse

Western European countries' fear that national social welfare systems are on the verge of collapse is investigated. Factors that encourage individuals to work are separated into three categories: intrinsic work incentives (eg, respect); extrinsic incentives to work (eg, happiness); & general reasons for working (eg, social contact). It is subsequently argued that the benefits derived from receiving social welfare fail to adequately compensate recipients, especially with regard to the aforementioned categories of work incentives. An analysis of relevant literature demonstrated that welfare benefit fraud is not extensive in Western European nations. The political debate surrounding the existence of "lazy-scroungers" in contemporary Germany is scrutinized to illustrate the German government's failure to accurately identify causes of rising unemployment. It is concluded that social welfare is a necessary part of social justice systems since it ultimately assists individuals to meet their basic human needs. 1 Table, 1 Figure, 48 References. J. W. Parker

Western European countries' fear that national social welfare systems are on the verge of collapse is investigated. Factors that encourage individuals to work are separated into three categories: intrinsic work incentives (eg, respect); extrinsic incentives to work (eg, happiness); & general reasons for working (eg, social contact). It is subsequently argued that the benefits derived from receiving social welfare fail to adequately compensate recipients, especially with regard to the aforementioned categories of work incentives. An analysis of relevant literature demonstrated that welfare benefit fraud is not extensive in Western European nations. The political debate surrounding the existence of "lazy-scroungers" in contemporary Germany is scrutinized to illustrate the German government's failure to accurately identify causes of rising unemployment. It is concluded that social welfare is a necessary part of social justice systems since it ultimately assists individuals to meet their basic human needs. 1 Table, 1 Figure, 48 References. J. W. Parker

Responsible research and innovation (RRI) is a governance framework promoted by influential policy makers such as the European Commission and academics from the fields of science and technology studies and management. This book is the first text to serve industry. Inspired by existing Corporate Responsibility standards and principles, it offers a selection of tools that can assist practitioners in implementing RRI in business and industry. Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) is integrative. It is a convergence of Technology Assessment (TA) and Ethics, including corporate responsibility. The task of linking RRI to existing frameworks has only just begun. This book is a welcome example, showing how Corporate Responsibility tools can drive the implementation of RRI. Prof. Armin Grunwald, Head of the Office of Technology Assessment at the German Bundestag and Head of the Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany. This is a simple, short, yet encyclopaedic work designed to help business implement RRI using the many tools of Corporate Responsibility (CR) already in place, everything from ISO9001 to the Ceres Roadmap for Sustainability. It makes clear the ways in which RRI is an extension of ideas already well-developed in CR. I learned a lot reading it. Prof. Michael Davis, Senior Fellow, Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions, Illinois Institute of Technology, USA Increase the chance of success for your startup's business idea by using your future customers' knowledge about the market! This engagingly written book explains how. Dr Thomas Frenken, CEO oldntec, Germany.

Policymakers require stable anchor points for long-term policies. The governance of new technologies can be fraught with difficulties in terms of public acceptance. Strong ethical foundations can help align stakeholder interests. In democracies, such anchor points and ethical foundations can be provided through constitutional values. The main aim of this chapter is to show how European fundamental values are relevant in the governance of science and technology.

Justice and the Convention on Biological DiversityDoris Schroeder and Thomas PoggeBenefit sharing as envisaged by the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is a relatively new idea in international law. Within the context of non-human biological resources, it aims to guarantee the conservation of biodiversity and its sustainable use by ensuring that its custodians are adequately rewarded for its preservation.Prior to the adoption of the CBD, access to biological resources was frequently regarded as a free-for-all. Bioprospectors were able to take resources out of their natural habitat and develop commercial products without sharing benefits with states or local communities. This paper asks how CBD-style benefit-sharing fits into debates of justice. It is argued that the CBD is an example of a set of social rules designed to increase social utility. It is also argued that a common heritage of humankind principle with inbuilt benefit-sharing mechanisms would be preferable to assigning bureaucratic property rights to non-human biological resources. However, as long as the international economic order is characterized by serious distributive injustices, as reflected in the enormous poverty-related death toll in developing countries, any morally acceptable means toward redressing the balance in favor of the disadvantaged has to be welcomed. By legislating for a system of justice-in-exchange covering nonhuman biological resources in preference to a free-for-all situation, the CBD provides a small step forward in redressing the distributive justice balance. It therefore presentsjustlegislation sensitive to the international relations context in the 21st century.

This book explores the ethical and policy challenges of benefit sharing in relation to human biological resources. It presents possible ways forward to achieve justice in low- and middle-income countries, where biomedical research is increasingly carried out.

Ethics; Islam; Non-Western Philosophy; Political Theory

Global Research Ethics; Global Bioethics; North-South Collaborations; Exploitation Vulnerability; Research Governance; Double Standards in Research; Ethics Dumping Examples

This open access collection of AI ethics case studies is the first book to present real-life case studies combined with commentaries and strategies for overcoming ethical challenges. Case studies are one of the best ways to learn about ethical dilemmas and to achieve insights into various complexities and stakeholder perspectives. Given the omnipresence of AI ethics in academic, policy and media debates, the book will be suitable for a wide range of audiences, from scholars of different disciplines (e.g. AI science, ethics, politics, philosophy, economics) to policy-makers, lobbying NGOs, teachers and the educated public.

Global Research Ethics; Global Bioethics; North-South Collaborations; Exploitation Vulnerability; Research Governance; Double Standards in Research; Ethics Dumping Examples