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Brazilian peacekeeping?: counterinsurgency and police reform in Port-au-Prince and Rio de Janeiro
In: International peacekeeping, Band 26, Heft 4, S. 487-510
ISSN: 1743-906X
Brazil's role in UN peacekeeping operations has been subject to increasing attention from academics and policy makers alike. While some authors praise Brazil's engagement in the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) as a case of innovative South-South cooperation, others accuse Brazil of using Haiti as a 'testing ground' for repressive anti-gang tactics that have subsequently been introduced at home. This article challenges these two dominant views on Brazil's role in Haiti. Based on a period of six months of fieldwork in Port-au-Prince and interviews with key Brazilian actors, the article draws a parallel between MINUSTAH's military raids in gang-ruled neighbourhoods coupled with police reform in Haiti, on one hand, and the Pacifying Police Units (Unidade de Polícia Pacificadora) plus the accompanying UPP Social in Rio de Janeiro, on the other hand. It is argued that Brazil's peacekeeping strategy, at home and abroad, is a mix of coercive and cooperative measures reminiscent of counterinsurgency (COIN) tactics already employed during the French colonial war in Algeria. Moreover, it is shown that policing techniques borrowed from the US are employed to ease the tension between carrots and sticks, notably so in the urban environment in which Brazilian peacekeeping is taking place.
World Affairs Online
Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration in unconventional settings: the case of MINUSTAH's community violence reduction
In: International peacekeeping, Band 24, Heft 3, S. 410-433
ISSN: 1743-906X
Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programmes form part of standard post-conflict peacebuilding tools regularly applied in the context of UN peacekeeping operations. Yet, the limitations of such templates become evident when peacebuilders are confronted with unconventional settings, such as the urban environment. So far, there is a scarcity of research on UN-led DDR efforts in cities, even though the proliferation of urban armed groups is projected to pose an intractable challenge for decades to come. Based on six months of fieldwork in Port-au-Prince, this article presents new empirical evidence on innovative DDR programming in Haiti, the only country where a United Nations Stabilization Mission (MINUSTAH) tried to implement a traditional DDR programme for gang members. As this attempt proved to be a failure, the mission subsequently changed its approach to a more community-focused armed violence reduction and prevention programme which aims to disincentivize at-risk sections of the population from joining gangs. Even though the current community violence reduction approach is better adapted to the unconventional conflict environment in Haiti and is seen by many practitioners today as a role model, it shares a number of limitations with traditional DDR programmes and is not a panacea for urban peacebuilding.
World Affairs Online
Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration in Unconventional Settings: The Case of Minustah's Community Violence Reduction
In: International Peacekeeping, Band (3), Heft 410-433
SSRN
Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration in unconventional settings: the case of MINUSTAH's community violence reduction
In: International peacekeeping, S. 1-24
ISSN: 1380-748X
Beyond Gang Truces and Mano Dura Policies: Towards Substitutive Security Governance in Latin America
In: Stability: International Journal of Security & Development, Band 5, Heft 1
ISSN: 2165-2627
Growing the Grassroots or Backing Bandits? Dilemmas of Donor Support for Haiti's (UN)Civil Society
In: Journal of peacebuilding & development, Band 11, Heft 1, S. 93-98
ISSN: 2165-7440
Beyond Gang Truces and Mano Dura Policies: Towards Substitutive Security Governance in Latin America
In: Stability: International Journal of Security and Development, 5(1), Art.17, 2016
SSRN
Growing the Grassroots or Backing Bandits? Dilemmas of Donor Support for Haiti's (Un)Civil Society
In: Journal of Peacebuilding & Development 11 (1), 2016
SSRN
Beyond Gang Truces and Mano Dura Policies: Towards Substitutive Security Governance in Latin America
With responses to urban violence receiving increasing academic attention, the literature on anti-gang efforts in Latin America has focused mainly on coercive mano dura policies and cooperative gang truces. Yet, there remains a paucity of studies going beyond such carrots-and-sticks approaches towards gangs. To fill this gap, this study investigates the possibilities and limitations of substitutive security governance across Latin America and the Caribbean. More specifically, this article looks at Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes in Medellín, Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention (AVRP) efforts in Haiti and Security Sector Reform (SSR) in Guatemala and Rio de Janeiro. It will be argued that communities are driven to support gangs against the oppressive state when they are indiscriminately targeted through muscular operations. Likewise, engaging gangs in dialogue grants them legitimacy and further weakens the position of the state. Therefore, the only sustainable solution lies in substitutive security governance, which aims to replace the functions gangs fulfil for their members, sponsors, and the community in which they are nested with a modern and accountable state that is bound by the rule of law. Still, substitutive strategies vis-à-vis gangs have their own limitations, which can only be overcome by way of an integrated and coordinated framework.
BASE
The Challenge of Community-Based Armed Groups: Towards a Conceptualization of Militias, Gangs, and Vigilantes
In: Contemporary security policy, Band 36, Heft 2, S. 296-320
ISSN: 1743-8764
A transformation from political to criminal violence? Politics, organised crime and the shifting functions of Haiti's urban armed groups
In: Conflict, security & development: CSD, Band 15, Heft 2, S. 169-196
ISSN: 1478-1174
A Transformation from Political to Criminal Violence? Politics, Organised Crime and the Shifting Functions of Haiti's Urban Armed Groups
In: Conflict, Security & Development, Vol 15, No 2, 169-196, 2015
SSRN
The Challenge of Community-Based Armed Groups: Towards a Conceptualization of Militias, Gangs, and Vigilantes
In: Contemporary Security Policy, Band 36, Heft 2
SSRN
The Challenge of Community-Based Armed Groups: towards a Conceptualization of Militias, Gangs, and Vigilantes
In: Contemporary security policy, Band 36, Heft 2, S. 296-320
ISSN: 1352-3260, 0144-0381