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Comments on the draft program almost unanimously lift the announced change of course to a more qualitative "inclusive development" out. They overlook the fact that this reversal of the core now already past 11th Program (2006-2010) and has not been implemented. Adapted from the source document.

In the face of severe job problems, China's government has adopted a huge stimulus package in a bid to achieve eight per cent economic growth, which is said to guarantee at least enough jobs for the new entrants to the labour market. The real situation, however, will be much grimmer than statistics indicate. Unregistered groups like unemployed rural migrants, job-searching college graduates, laid-off workers and others together with the officially registered unemployed and the new market entrants could add up to 42 million altogether, while even the most optimistic estimates say only around 15 million new jobs could be created in 2009. Nevertheless, the stimulus package demonstrates an at least temporary shift in economic policy from capital-intensive to labour-intensive growth. Additionally, the new initiatives to boost social-security spending could help to address the grievances of the most vulnerable groups in the labour market. The Chinese government's reaction to the emerging employment crisis once again demonstrates the often underestimated adaptability of China's leadership. Adapted from the source document.

The incidence of unrest in China has risen dramatically over the last decade. Sources of unrest include unfair working conditions, lack of social security, lay-offs, low & unpaid wages, insufficient compensation for confiscated land, fees, tolls & other local burdens, environmental degradation, & official corruption. The central leadership is aware of the challenges posed by social unrest & has not only announced new policies aimed at addressing social & livelihood issues, but also adopted a somewhat more sophisticated strategy to deal with protesters. However, most protests are still suppressed by local authorities. Even though incidents of unrest are widespread, they are so far localized & do not seem to threaten the regime's stability. Figures, References. Adapted from the source document.

Although substantial political tensions have problematized Chinese-Taiwanese foreign relations, it is contended that "low politics," which include bilateral economic interaction, cultural exchange, & social communication, could enhance cross-Taiwan Strait relations. After differentiating high & low politics & contemplating the integrative authority of social interaction, the role of high & low politics in Germany's unification during the late 19th century & reunification during the late 1980s are analyzed. The extent of cultural, economic, & social contact between the People's Republic of China & Taiwan is then investigated; it is stated that bilateral economic integration facilitated the formation of business communities, created additional opportunities for social communication in the business sector, & resulted in Taiwanese newspapers' acquisition distribution rights in certain Chinese provinces, & augmented the number of cultural & educational exchange programs. Despite the integrative capacity of low politics, it is deemed premature to assert that cross-Taiwan Strait cultural, economic, & social exchange will undoubtedly ease Chinese-Taiwanese political contentiousness. Tables, References. J. W. Parker

Educational equality, or equity, has gradually become an important issue for central government officials. Chinese newspapers have been quoting them since spring 2005, as they have been calling for more equal educational opportunities (see C.a., 2/2005, Dok 23; XNA, 8.9.05). Researchers name educational inequality as one of the key problems facing the Chinese education system after twenty years of reform. Educational disparities are not only apparent between eastern and western regions in China, but they clearly exist between rural and urban areas as well.

On 3 December 2005, district and community elections took place in Taiwan. The results gained world interest because (1) the elections were relevant to the whole country; (2) the election campaigns addressed national concerns; & (3) it was a black day for the ruling Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) while the Kuomintang (KMT) triumphed. This may indicate a change of power and the beginning of a new era.

Applying established theories to concrete phenomena, Asian-European Relations provides a comprehensive understanding of inter-regionalism and how co-operation between Asia and Europe should be fashioned in the new millennium. It contributes to the most recent developments in research by providing impressively rich studies to test existing theoretical frameworks