National audience ; Pouvoir évaluer les effets sanitaires de la pollution de l'air en termes économiques permet de comparer, en une unité commune, les bénéfices des politiques publiques par rapport aux coûts qu'elles induisent afin de sélectionner les actions les plus bénéfiques pour la société. Sur la base d'une bibliographie approfondie, le projet CUMULAIR a pour objectif principal de faire progresser les méthodes et pratiques de l'évaluation combinée des effets sanitaires de la pollution de l'air intérieur et extérieur.
National audience ; Pouvoir évaluer les effets sanitaires de la pollution de l'air en termes économiques permet de comparer, en une unité commune, les bénéfices des politiques publiques par rapport aux coûts qu'elles induisent afin de sélectionner les actions les plus bénéfiques pour la société. Sur la base d'une bibliographie approfondie, le projet CUMULAIR a pour objectif principal de faire progresser les méthodes et pratiques de l'évaluation combinée des effets sanitaires de la pollution de l'air intérieur et extérieur.
National audience ; Pouvoir évaluer les effets sanitaires de la pollution de l'air en termes économiques permet de comparer, en une unité commune, les bénéfices des politiques publiques par rapport aux coûts qu'elles induisent afin de sélectionner les actions les plus bénéfiques pour la société. Sur la base d'une bibliographie approfondie, le projet CUMULAIR a pour objectif principal de faire progresser les méthodes et pratiques de l'évaluation combinée des effets sanitaires de la pollution de l'air intérieur et extérieur.
In its communications, the European Commission regularly points to a shortfall between the objectives defined by European environmental Directives and their implementation in the Member States. While from the legal perspective of this institution, such implementation gaps are undesirable, from a normative economic point of view they can in certain cases be justified by efficiency considerations, provided the initial policy is subject to inefficiencies. This thesis analyses the implementation of European environmental Directives. More specifically, it studies in detail the efficiency of the Council Directive of 21 June 1989 on the reduction of air pollution from existing municipal waste-incineration plants (89/429/EEC) and the cost-effectiveness of its implementation in France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. One of the guiding questions is whether possible inefficiencies in this policy may have justified an implementation deficit from an economic point of view and whether implementation has (partly) restored the efficiency of the policy. A review of frequent origins of implementation gaps in European environmental policy suggested by political science based literature highlights two features of European policy making: the separation of competences in policy making and implementation which potentially results in policy makers neglecting implementation issues during the policy design phase; and the heterogeneity of national contexts which are difficult to accommodate by one European policy. Both are important with respect to implementation costs, as one lesson of economic theory is that minimising the overall costs of a regulation requires to properly take into account local situations. Studying the economic efficiency of the municipal waste incineration Directive with respect to its allocation of tasks between the European and the Member State levels and with respect to the cost-effectiveness of its standard differentiation suggests that this policy was probably not optimal. Subsequently, the ...
In its communications, the European Commission regularly points to a shortfall between the objectives defined by European environmental Directives and their implementation in the Member States. While from the legal perspective of this institution, such implementation gaps are undesirable, from a normative economic point of view they can in certain cases be justified by efficiency considerations, provided the initial policy is subject to inefficiencies. This thesis analyses the implementation of European environmental Directives. More specifically, it studies in detail the efficiency of the Council Directive of 21 June 1989 on the reduction of air pollution from existing municipal waste-incineration plants (89/429/EEC) and the cost-effectiveness of its implementation in France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. One of the guiding questions is whether possible inefficiencies in this policy may have justified an implementation deficit from an economic point of view and whether implementation has (partly) restored the efficiency of the policy. A review of frequent origins of implementation gaps in European environmental policy suggested by political science based literature highlights two features of European policy making: the separation of competences in policy making and implementation which potentially results in policy makers neglecting implementation issues during the policy design phase; and the heterogeneity of national contexts which are difficult to accommodate by one European policy. Both are important with respect to implementation costs, as one lesson of economic theory is that minimising the overall costs of a regulation requires to properly take into account local situations. Studying the economic efficiency of the municipal waste incineration Directive with respect to its allocation of tasks between the European and the Member State levels and with respect to the cost-effectiveness of its standard differentiation suggests that this policy was probably not optimal. Subsequently, the ...
In its communications, the European Commission regularly points to a shortfall between the objectives defined by European environmental Directives and their implementation in the Member States. While from the legal perspective of this institution, such implementation gaps are undesirable, from a normative economic point of view they can in certain cases be justified by efficiency considerations, provided the initial policy is subject to inefficiencies. This thesis analyses the implementation of European environmental Directives. More specifically, it studies in detail the efficiency of the Council Directive of 21 June 1989 on the reduction of air pollution from existing municipal waste-incineration plants (89/429/EEC) and the cost-effectiveness of its implementation in France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. One of the guiding questions is whether possible inefficiencies in this policy may have justified an implementation deficit from an economic point of view and whether implementation has (partly) restored the efficiency of the policy. A review of frequent origins of implementation gaps in European environmental policy suggested by political science based literature highlights two features of European policy making: the separation of competences in policy making and implementation which potentially results in policy makers neglecting implementation issues during the policy design phase; and the heterogeneity of national contexts which are difficult to accommodate by one European policy. Both are important with respect to implementation costs, as one lesson of economic theory is that minimising the overall costs of a regulation requires to properly take into account local situations. Studying the economic efficiency of the municipal waste incineration Directive with respect to its allocation of tasks between the European and the Member State levels and with respect to the cost-effectiveness of its standard differentiation suggests that this policy was probably not optimal. Subsequently, the ...
Stahl ist mengenmäßig das weltweit am meisten verbrauchte Metall. Erst mit großem Abstand folgt an zweiter Stelle Aluminium. Doch der Stellenwert der ehemaligen Schlüsselindustrie Stahl hat sich seit den 70er Jahren in vielen Industrieländern grundlegend verändert: Produktions- und Nachfragesteigerungen in Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländern standen Rückgänge in vielen hochindustrialisierten Ländern gegenüber. Auch in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland fiel die Rohstahlproduktion von Mitte der 70er bis Anfang der 80er Jahre und wuchs auch danach nur noch wenig, was mit drastischen Arbeitsplatzverlusten verbunden war. Erhebliche soziale und wirtschaftliche Probleme waren vor allem in den Regionen, in denen sich dieser Sektor und viele ihm vor- und nachgelagerte Industrien konzentrieren, die Folge. Die EG, die zuvor ihre Stahlpolitik weitgehend am liberalen Ordnungsrahmen des EGKS- Vertrages ausgerichtet hatte, betrieb infolge der Krise seit Mitte der 70er Jahre eine zunehmend interventionistische Politik. Die Eisen- und Stahlerzeugung erfordert große Mengen an Rohstoffen, Energie und Wasser und verursacht in erheblichem Ausmaß umweltschädliche Abfälle und Abgase. Allerdings war die Produktion von Stahl nie Inhalt umweltpolitischer Diskussionen oder Ansatzpunkt öffentlicher Kritik im eigentlichen Sinne, wie etwa der Stoff Chlor im Rahmen der chemiepolitischen Debatte oder die Primärerzeugung von Aluminium aufgrund ihres hohen Energieverbrauchs. Die vorliegende Fallstudie untersucht, \- inwieweit es sich bei der Produktionsentwicklung der deutschen Stahlindustrie um eine generelle (länderübergreifende) Entwicklung handelt, \- durch welche Faktoren der Nachfrage- und Produktionsrückgang bei der deutschen Stahlindustrie bedingt wurde, \- in welchem Maße und mit welchen Wirkungen auf die Entwicklung politisch Einfluß genommen wurde, \- welche Maßnahmen zur Erleichterung der Anpassungsprozesse insbesondere hinsichtlich der Reduzierung der Beschäftigtenzahl ergriffen wurden und \- inwieweit der Produktionsrückgang die ...
Air quality and related health effects are not only affected by policies directly addressed at air pollution but also by climate mitigation. This study addresses how different climate policy pathways indirectly bear upon air pollution in terms of improved human health in Europe. It puts in perspective mitigation costs and monetised health benefits of reducing PM2.5 and ozone concentrations. Air quality in Europe and related health impacts are assessed using a comprehensive modelling suite, based on global and regional climate and chemistry-transport models together with a health impact assessment tool. This allows capturing both the impact of climate policies on emissions of air pollutants and the geophysical impact of climate change on air quality. Results are presented for projections at the 2050 horizon, for two consistent air pollution and climate policy scenarios. The analysis shows that enforcement of current European air quality policies effectively reduces health impacts from air pollution. A move towards stringent climate policies on a global scale, in addition to limiting global warming, creates co-benefits in terms of reduced health impacts in 2050 in the mitigation scenario relative to the reference scenario and air pollution cost savings in Europe. These co-benefits offset a major part of the additional cost of climate policy in this region. ; La pollution de l'air a des impacts significatifs sur la santé humaine (effets cancérigènes, problèmes cardio- vasculaires et respiratoires) qui ont des conséquences économiques importantes : coûts de la maladie pour le système de soins et les entreprises, consentement à payer pour éviter de la souffrance, et la mortalité prématurée. La qualité de l'air et le changement climatique sont liés dans leur fonctionnement et leurs impacts. Les émissions de polluants atmosphériques et de gaz à effet de serre ont souvent des sources communes, notamment celles liées à la combustion d'énergies fossiles. Les politiques climatiques, impliquant des mesures d'efficacité ...
Air quality and related health effects are not only affected by policies directly addressed at air pollution but also by climate mitigation. This study addresses how different climate policy pathways indirectly bear upon air pollution in terms of improved human health in Europe. It puts in perspective mitigation costs and monetised health benefits of reducing PM2.5 and ozone concentrations. Air quality in Europe and related health impacts are assessed using a comprehensive modelling suite, based on global and regional climate and chemistry-transport models together with a health impact assessment tool. This allows capturing both the impact of climate policies on emissions of air pollutants and the geophysical impact of climate change on air quality. Results are presented for projections at the 2050 horizon, for two consistent air pollution and climate policy scenarios. The analysis shows that enforcement of current European air quality policies effectively reduces health impacts from air pollution. A move towards stringent climate policies on a global scale, in addition to limiting global warming, creates co-benefits in terms of reduced health impacts in 2050 in the mitigation scenario relative to the reference scenario and air pollution cost savings in Europe. These co-benefits offset a major part of the additional cost of climate policy in this region. ; La pollution de l'air a des impacts significatifs sur la santé humaine (effets cancérigènes, problèmes cardio- vasculaires et respiratoires) qui ont des conséquences économiques importantes : coûts de la maladie pour le système de soins et les entreprises, consentement à payer pour éviter de la souffrance, et la mortalité prématurée. La qualité de l'air et le changement climatique sont liés dans leur fonctionnement et leurs impacts. Les émissions de polluants atmosphériques et de gaz à effet de serre ont souvent des sources communes, notamment celles liées à la combustion d'énergies fossiles. Les politiques climatiques, impliquant des mesures d'efficacité ...
Air quality and related health effects are not only affected by policies directly addressed at air pollution but also by climate mitigation. This study addresses how different climate policy pathways indirectly bear upon air pollution in terms of improved human health in Europe. It puts in perspective mitigation costs and monetised health benefits of reducing PM2.5 and ozone concentrations. Air quality in Europe and related health impacts are assessed using a comprehensive modelling suite, based on global and regional climate and chemistry-transport models together with a health impact assessment tool. This allows capturing both the impact of climate policies on emissions of air pollutants and the geophysical impact of climate change on air quality. Results are presented for projections at the 2050 horizon, for two consistent air pollution and climate policy scenarios. The analysis shows that enforcement of current European air quality policies effectively reduces health impacts from air pollution. A move towards stringent climate policies on a global scale, in addition to limiting global warming, creates co-benefits in terms of reduced health impacts in 2050 in the mitigation scenario relative to the reference scenario and air pollution cost savings in Europe. These co-benefits offset a major part of the additional cost of climate policy in this region. ; La pollution de l'air a des impacts significatifs sur la santé humaine (effets cancérigènes, problèmes cardio- vasculaires et respiratoires) qui ont des conséquences économiques importantes : coûts de la maladie pour le système de soins et les entreprises, consentement à payer pour éviter de la souffrance, et la mortalité prématurée. La qualité de l'air et le changement climatique sont liés dans leur fonctionnement et leurs impacts. Les émissions de polluants atmosphériques et de gaz à effet de serre ont souvent des sources communes, notamment celles liées à la combustion d'énergies fossiles. Les politiques climatiques, impliquant des mesures d'efficacité énergétique et d'autres mesures technologiques, influent donc également sur les émissions de polluants atmosphériques et donc sur la qualité de l'air et les effets sanitaires associés. Par ailleurs ces mesures d'efficacité énergétique peuvent conduire indirectement à réduire le coût des politiques dédiées à la qualité de l'air. De plus, la chimie atmosphérique est sensible au changement climatique. Celui-ci, en modifiant les caractéristiques physiques de l'atmosphère, modifie la fréquence des phénomènes météorologiques susceptibles de conduire à des épisodes de pollution.
Climate change and air quality are closely related: through the policy measures implemented to mitigate these major environmental threats but also through the geophysical processes that drive them. We designed, developed and implemented a comprehensive regional air quality and climate modelling system to investigate future air quality in Europe taking into account the combined pressure of future climate change and long range transport. Using the prospective scenarios of the last generation of pathways for both climate change (emissions of well mixed greenhouse gases) and air pollutants, we can provide a quantitative view into the possible future air quality in Europe. We find that ozone pollution will decrease substantially under the most stringent scenario but the efforts of the air quality legislation will be adversely compensated by the penalty of global warming and long range transport for the business as usual scenario. For particulate matter, the projected reduction of emissions efficiently reduces exposure levels. ; Même si leurs impacts respectifs se caractérisent généralement par des échelles de temps et d'espaces différentes, qualité de l'air et climat restent intimement liés, autant par les processus géophysiques qui les régissent (phénomènes météorologiques et composition chimique de l'atmosphère) que par les stratégies de gestion et d'atténuation qui les concernent (stratégies d'économie d'énergie ou transition vers de nouvelles sources d'énergie). Ces interactions multiples appellent des approches intégrées afin de s'assurer que les mesures de réduction d'émissions de polluants conçues aujourd'hui demeurent efficaces à l'avenir, dans un contexte climatique différent. De telles approches intégrées doivent aussi permettre d'identifier les mesures de gestion les plus coût-efficaces et qui auraient des effets positifs tant sur la qualité de l'air que sur le réchauffement climatique.
Climate change and air quality are closely related: through the policy measures implemented to mitigate these major environmental threats but also through the geophysical processes that drive them. We designed, developed and implemented a comprehensive regional air quality and climate modelling system to investigate future air quality in Europe taking into account the combined pressure of future climate change and long range transport. Using the prospective scenarios of the last generation of pathways for both climate change (emissions of well mixed greenhouse gases) and air pollutants, we can provide a quantitative view into the possible future air quality in Europe. We find that ozone pollution will decrease substantially under the most stringent scenario but the efforts of the air quality legislation will be adversely compensated by the penalty of global warming and long range transport for the business as usual scenario. For particulate matter, the projected reduction of emissions efficiently reduces exposure levels. ; Même si leurs impacts respectifs se caractérisent généralement par des échelles de temps et d'espaces différentes, qualité de l'air et climat restent intimement liés, autant par les processus géophysiques qui les régissent (phénomènes météorologiques et composition chimique de l'atmosphère) que par les stratégies de gestion et d'atténuation qui les concernent (stratégies d'économie d'énergie ou transition vers de nouvelles sources d'énergie). Ces interactions multiples appellent des approches intégrées afin de s'assurer que les mesures de réduction d'émissions de polluants conçues aujourd'hui demeurent efficaces à l'avenir, dans un contexte climatique différent. De telles approches intégrées doivent aussi permettre d'identifier les mesures de gestion les plus coût-efficaces et qui auraient des effets positifs tant sur la qualité de l'air que sur le réchauffement climatique.
Researchers and policy-makers accept that implementation decisively influences the effectiveness of European (EU) environmental policy. Some Member States lead the development of EU policy and implement Directives with little problem. Others follow a variety of compliance (or non-compliance) paths. Implementation gaps and policy failures are prevalent. Policy outcomes often differ radically between even neighbouring Member States. What are the reasons for these differences? Why do Member States follow different compliance paths? Why do implementation gaps and policy failures occur? What factors can explain the different policy outcomes achieved? Is it only 'classical' implementation variables i.e. the monitoring and enforcement actions of public authorities that count? What lessons can we draw for the future? This paper addresses these questions through a comparative analysis of the implementation of the European Directive on the reduction of air pollution from existing municipal waste incineration plants (89/429/EEC) in Germany, the Netherlands, France and the United Kingdom: four neighbouring Member States that exhibit quite divergent compliance paths and policy outcomes. Monitoring and enforcement are found to have only limited explanatory power. In practice national contextual variables, such as: public and political environmental awareness; interactions both with environmental and non-environmental policies; regulatory anticipation and uncertainty; the degree of autonomy and scope of regulatory agencies; and, industrial and market structure of the regulated industry, must also be considered.
An integrated modelling chain capable of evaluating air pollution policies with respect to their costs, their impacts on air quality and associated health effects was developed and implemented at Ineris. It allows quantifying and monetising health effects of both complex sets of emission reduction measures (policy scenarios) and individual measures, and also taking into account the air quality impact of climate change. The modelling chain is based on the Impact Pathway Approach which follows a logical progression from emission, through dispersion and exposure to quantification of impacts and their valuation. Three models form the core of the modelling chain: the integrated assessment model GAINS-FR, the chemistry-transport model CHIMERE and the health impact analysis tool ARP-FR. GAINS provides information on emission reductions and costs of air pollution mitigation strategies. CHIMERE allows calculating these strategies' effect on air quality, and ARP-FR serves to assess benefits in the form of avoided health effects. In cost-benefit analyses, the health benefits are put into perspective with information on the costs of emission reduction measures and/or scenarios. The modelling chain has been used in studies providing support to decision makers as well as in research projects ; U ne chaîne de modèles intégrés a été développée et mise en oeuvre à l'Ineris pour évaluer les politiques de lutte contre la pollution atmosphérique en termes de coûts des actions, de leurs effets sur la qualité de l'air et des bénéfices sanitaires associés. Elle permet de quantifier puis de monétariser les effets sanitaires de politiques publiques caractérisées par des jeux de mesures complexes (scénarios) ou des mesures individuelles de réduction des émissions atmosphériques. Elle permet également de tenir compte de l'impact du changement climatique sur la qualité de l'air pour des scénarios de plus long terme. Cette chaîne de calcul a été utilisée dans différents cadres d'applications, tant dans des études d'appui aux pouvoirs publics au niveau national (notamment le Plan national de réduction des émissions de polluants atmosphériques ou PREPA, adopté pour la période 2017-2021, cf. décret et arrêté du 10 mai 2017), que dans des projets de recherche plus prospectifs au niveau national et européen (projets PRIMEQUAL)
An integrated modelling chain capable of evaluating air pollution policies with respect to their costs, their impacts on air quality and associated health effects was developed and implemented at Ineris. It allows quantifying and monetising health effects of both complex sets of emission reduction measures (policy scenarios) and individual measures, and also taking into account the air quality impact of climate change. The modelling chain is based on the Impact Pathway Approach which follows a logical progression from emission, through dispersion and exposure to quantification of impacts and their valuation. Three models form the core of the modelling chain: the integrated assessment model GAINS-FR, the chemistry-transport model CHIMERE and the health impact analysis tool ARP-FR. GAINS provides information on emission reductions and costs of air pollution mitigation strategies. CHIMERE allows calculating these strategies' effect on air quality, and ARP-FR serves to assess benefits in the form of avoided health effects. In cost-benefit analyses, the health benefits are put into perspective with information on the costs of emission reduction measures and/or scenarios. The modelling chain has been used in studies providing support to decision makers as well as in research projects ; U ne chaîne de modèles intégrés a été développée et mise en oeuvre à l'Ineris pour évaluer les politiques de lutte contre la pollution atmosphérique en termes de coûts des actions, de leurs effets sur la qualité de l'air et des bénéfices sanitaires associés. Elle permet de quantifier puis de monétariser les effets sanitaires de politiques publiques caractérisées par des jeux de mesures complexes (scénarios) ou des mesures individuelles de réduction des émissions atmosphériques. Elle permet également de tenir compte de l'impact du changement climatique sur la qualité de l'air pour des scénarios de plus long terme. Cette chaîne de calcul a été utilisée dans différents cadres d'applications, tant dans des études d'appui aux pouvoirs ...
