Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- Acknowledgments -- Maps -- INTRODUCTION -- CHAPTER 1. THE PEOPLE OF CHUMIK -- Setting -- Ethnic Identity and Personal Identity -- Six Women -- CHAPTER 2. BACKGROUND: SUBSISTENCE PATTERNS, RESIDENCE AND PROPERTY -- The Cycle of Subsistence -- Division of Labor: Specialization and Concepts of Appropriate Work -- The Domestic Group -- Property -- CHAPTER 3. NONMARRIAGE AND ECONOMIC STRATEGIES -- Nonmarriage and Systems of Household Formation -- Cultural Norms and Mechanisms Limiting Marriage in Chumik -- Wealth, Status and Eligibility to Marry -- The Role of the Unmarried Woman in Society -- CHAPTER 4. ENTITLEMENT TO PROPERTY: INHERITANCE AND THE SYSTEM OF HOUSEHOLD ESTATES -- Household Estates in Village Organization -- The Devolution of Trongba Estates and Other Property -- Land Tenure, Taxation and Inheritance in Tibet -- The Ideal System and the Alternatives -- Devolution of Property in Chumik: Empirical Patterns -- CHAPTER 5. WOMEN'S ACCESS TO PROPERTY -- Sremo Dolma -- The Heiress -- Prestations at Marriage -- Ownership within the Household -- Property Rights of Divorced and Widowed Women -- Written Agreements Defining Rights of Inheritance and Compensation in Case of Divorce -- The Unmarried Woman -- The Daughter versus the Daughter-in-law -- PHOTO SECTION -- CHAPTER 6. ENTITLEMENT TO STATUS -- The Hereditary Strata -- The Tibetamzation of the Jampa Thogye -- Seating Order -- The Role of Descent in Determining Gyudpa Membership -- Effects of Intermarriage on Gyudpa Membership -- Hereditary Strata and Marital Eligibility -- The Inferior Villages -- Illegitimacy -- CHAPTER 7. MARRIAGE -- Reproduction of Social Inequality through Endogamy -- Marriage Strategies and Eligibility to Marry -- Marriage by Capture and Hypogamy.

This study uses qualitative data to explore the socio-cultural processes through which women influence two proximate determinants of health and well-being-age at marriage and age at initiation of childbearing-in the next generation, and to investigate social processes that may be undermining women's empowerment and its effects across generations. Open-ended, in-depth interviews were conducted with triads of womenyoung married women, their mothers, and their mothers-in-law-with one of the senior women in each triad having been identified as comparatively empowered based on a set of indicators measured in a prior survey. The findings suggest the cultural meanings and social dynamics of marriage in the context of poverty and vulnerability to economic crisis are persistent constraints to later marriage and childbearing even in families of empowered women who are aware of the risks and disadvantages of early marriage and childbearing. No substantial differences were found between empowered versus unempowered women and their families in the ways that decisions about the timing of marriage and childbearing were made, nor, in general, between mothers versus mothers-in-law.

Violence against women perpetrated by husbands and male partners occurs worldwide, and an increasing number of surveys indicate that it is widely condoned. This article presents findings from a 2002 survey conducted in six rural villages in Bangladesh suggesting that an extremely high proportion of women believe that husbands' use of violence against their wives is acceptable. To investigate the reliability and the psychosocial underpinnings of these survey findings, we also examine data from 110 in‐depth interviews and 14 small group discussions. The results suggest that although most abused women in the study had resigned themselves to accept a certain level of violence, they did not condone it, and many abused women said that perpetrators of violence should be punished, and in some cases the punishments they suggested were harsh. We conclude by raising questions regarding the meaning of responses to commonly used questions intended to measure women's attitudes toward intimate partner violence and by discussing policy implications.

SummaryThis paper explores the hypothesis that gender attitude scales (which measure the degree of equity in gender attitudes) are associated with contraceptive use. Four hundred male and female respondents (200 couples) were interviewed using a pre-tested, structured questionnaire. Analyses included comparisons of means and prevalence rates on gender equity indicators, other related factors and socio-demographic characteristics;t-tests to compare mean scores on each gender scale for wives and husbands to identify any significant differences; chi-squared tests to compare associations between individual attributes, attitudes and contraceptive use; and multivariate logistic regression to examine associations between each gender scale and contraceptive use. The findings revealed that, on average, wives endorsed more inequitable gender attitudes compared with husbands on all gender attitude scales. For wives, more equitable gender attitudes were positively associated with contraceptive use. For husbands, the role of gender attitudes had no significant association with wives' reported contraceptive use. Family planning programmes that aim to challenge inegalitarian gender norms should not overlook women in their efforts since both men and women often accept and support inequality in a social system and, in some cases, it may be women's gender attitudes that most influence family planning decisions.

This article explores the changing dimensions of women's empowerment over time in three Bangladesh villages where one of the authors has been conducting research since 1991. The article discusses theoretical issues related to the measurement of women's empowerment, and describes findings from a recent study in the villages exploring the current salience of indicators developed for a 1992 survey. In the article we discuss the types of social, economic, and political change that affect the measurement of women's empowerment; propose and explain a new set of indicators for the rural Bangladesh setting; and discuss implications for measuring women's empowerment in other settings.