Suchergebnisse

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects on immunization equity of the large-scale contracting of primary health-care services in rural areas of Cambodia. METHODS: Data were obtained pre-intervention and post-intervention from a large-scale quasi-experiment in contracting with nongovernmental organizations to provide primary health care in nine rural districts of Cambodia between 1999 and mid-2001. Coverage targets and equity targets for all primary health-care services, including immunization of children, were explicitly included in the contracts awarded in five of nine rural districts which together have a population of over 1.25 million people. The remaining four districts used the traditional government model for providing services and were given identical targets. FINDINGS: After the 2.5 years of the trial, bivariate and multivariate analyses of the results suggested that although there was a substantial increase in the proportion of children who were fully immunized in all districts, children in the poorest 50% of households in the districts served by contractors were more likely to be fully immunized than poor children living in similar circumstances in districts using the government's model, all other things being equal. CONCLUSION: The contracting approach described in this paper suggests a means of moving towards a more equitable distribution of immunization services in developing countries.

SummaryContraceptive prevalence rates and estimates of continuation rates are derived from unique longitudinal data on post-partum behaviour collected in the Cebu region of the Philippines. Continuation rates vary by base-line and time-varying socioeconomic characteristics for certain contraceptive methods and for using no contraception. Calendar rhythm users have a much lower relative continuation rate than has been found in cross-sectional samples. For women who use a contraceptive method, breast-feeding does not appear to influence contraceptive continuation, but for those who use no methods, breast-feeding appears to substitute for other forms of contraception. Profiles by socioeconomic characteristics of those who continue to use each type of contraceptive method and who use no method could be used to direct family planning programmes towards population sub-groups. The results suggest that for women wishing to postpone a pregnancy, a family planning programme aimed at the young and less educated could effectively increase contraceptive use and continuation.

The focus of the research presented in this article is the impact of Army life on spouse (wife) employment outcomes. Spouse employment is thought to be an important determinant of a soldier's commitment to the Army, job performance, and reenlistment decision. Because of these concerns the Army has initiated a series of policies and programs directed toward the enhancement of spouse employment. Using 1985 individual-level Department of Defense survey data, we examine the underlying determinants of Army wives' labor force participation, employment, level of employment, and underemployment, with a focus on the effect of on-post spouse employment programs and other Army policies on these outcomes. The results suggest that spouse employment programs, education, length of time spent at the same location, and a continental U.S. location have a statistically strong positive influence on spouse employment outcomes. Policy implications are discussed.

Data from a 1985 Dept of Defense survey (N = 7,912 officers & 34,601 enlisted personnel in the US Army) are drawn on to examine the underlying determinants of Army wives' labor force participation, employment, level of employment, & underemployment, with focus on the effect of on-post spouse employment programs & other Army policies on these outcomes. Results suggest that spouse employment programs, education, length of time spent at the same location, & a continental US location have a statistically strong positive influence on spouse employment outcomes. Policy implications are discussed. 5 Tables. Adapted from the source document.

SummaryA prospective study of 3080 Filipino mothers and non-twin births in 33 communities is used to study the determinants of mortality in week 1 postpartum. The results show significant nonlinear birth weight effects and the importance of environmental contamination, particularly for infants born by traditional methods at home, and several other intermediate and underlying determinants of perinatal mortality. The pathways through which important sociodemographic factors affect perinatal mortality are also presented.

AbstractA variety of empirical studies show that custodial mothers and children are worse off after separation and divorce than absent fathers. Many of these mothers and children live in poverty and many more are above the poverty line but below median family income. Since 1974 the U.S. has had a federal‐state program of Child Support Enforcement, but absent fathers still have a poor record of paying child support. To estimate how much money absent fathers could be expected to pay in child support, we used income data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Census Bureau data on the number of custodial mothers and children with living absent fathers, and two systems for determining how much money absent fathers should pay in child support. Using these sources, we estimate that absent fathers could pay $26.6 billion in child support–about 3.6 times as much as they actually paid in 1984. Most of this child support money would come from upper‐income families. We conclude that absent fathers could substantially augment the financial security of custodial mothers and their children, and that the U.S. should therefore pursue a vigorous program of Child Support Enforcement.

A variety of empirical studies show that custodial mothers & children are worse off after separation & divorce than absent fathers. Many of these mothers & children live in poverty & many more are below median family income. Since 1974, the US has had a federal-state program of child support enforcement, but absent fathers still have a poor record of paying child support. Income data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (involving interviews with some 4,000-6,000 families annually between 1968 & 1982, with focus on 1,930 M heads of household), & Census Bureau data on the number of custodial mothers & children with living absent fathers were analyzed to determine how much money absent fathers should pay in child support. It is estimated that absent fathers could pay $26.6 billion in child support -- about 3.6 times as much as they actually paid in 1984. Most of this child support money would come from upper-income families. Absent fathers could substantially augment the financial security of custodial mothers & their children. A vigorous program of child support enforcement is recommended. 8 Tables, 29 References. Modified HA