Suchergebnisse

The diverse cultures of the Caribbean have been shaped as much by hurricanes as they have by diplomacy, commerce, or the legacy of colonial rule. In this panoramic work of social history, Stuart Schwartz examines how Caribbean societies have responded to the dangers of hurricanes, and how these destructive storms have influenced the region's history, from the rise of plantations, to slavery and its abolition, to migrations, racial conflict, and war. Taking readers from the voyages of Columbus to the devastation of Hurricane Katrina, Schwartz looks at the ethical, political, and economic challenges that hurricanes posed to the Caribbean's indigenous populations and the different European peoples who ventured to the New World to exploit its riches. He describes how the United States provided the model for responding to environmental threats when it emerged as a major power and began to exert its influence over the Caribbean in the nineteenth century, and how the region's governments came to assume greater responsibilities for prevention and relief, efforts that by the end of the twentieth century were being questioned by free-market neoliberals. Schwartz sheds light on catastrophes like Katrina by framing them within a long and contentious history of human interaction with the natural world. Spanning more than five centuries and drawing on extensive archival research in Europe and the Americas, Sea of Storms emphasizes the continuing role of race, social inequality, and economic ideology in the shaping of our responses to natural disaster. Some images inside the book are unavailable due to digital copyright restrictions.

"Tropical Babylons' explores the early development of the sugar industry across the Atlantic world, using case studies from Iberia, Brazil, islands of the Caribbean & of the Atlantic itself to illustrate the differences in technology, plantation management & the social consequences of the 'sugar revolution

Durante os séculos XVI e XVII, o clima, as possibilidades agrícolas e a história faziam do Brasil um modelo, uma alternativa e um concorrente para algumas sociedades caribenhas. A relação entre o Brasil e o Caribe se transformou com o tempo, mas houve também continuidades, circulação de informações e interações que vincularam suas histórias. Neste ensaio, minhas observações vão se concentrar no Brasil como extensão do Grande Caribe, no papel dos portugueses no Caribe e em sua história compartilhada e entrelaçada de açúcar e escravidão.

While various empires sought by religious tolerance to integrate dispe-rate peoples under a single ruler, the Spanish and Portuguese empires were based on a policy of religious unity and thus intolerance. This article examines the policy of religious intolerance in those empires in the context of theology and the missionary impulse, but also in relation to the commercial and political needs of the State. It argues that orthodoxy reinforced commercial exclusivity and was thought to assure loyalty, but that from the origins of these empires voices of dissent were raised arguing for freedom of conscience. This was especially true in the Caribbean where local interests in contraband undercut policies of religious exclusivity. By the late Eighteenth Century, in the atmosphere of political change, religion was increasingly seen as a security matter by the forces of traditional society. "Inquisition" and "toleration" came to represent two competing concepts of society in a political and cultural struggle that continued through the Nineteenth Century. URI:http://hdl.handle.net/11721/1512 ; Mientras varios imperios recurrieron a la tolerancia religiosa como un medio de integración de poblaciones heterogéneas que estaban sometidas a un gobernante absoluto, el imperio español y el portugués utilizaron la política de unidad e intolerancia religiosa. Este artículo examina la política de la intolerancia religiosa en el contexto de la teología y el impulso misionero, pero también en lo referente a las necesidades comerciales y políticas del Estado. Propone que la ortodoxia intensificó la exclusividad comercial como mecanismo de afianzar la lealtad de sus colonias, pero al mismo tiempo que esto ocurría, surgieron voces disidentes que reclamaban la libertad de conciencia, particularmente en el Caribe donde los intereses locales vinculados al contrabando socavaban la exclusividad religiosa. Hacia fines del siglo XVIII, cuando ocurrieron importantes cambios políticos, la religión fue vista cada vez más como un elemento de seguridad por parte de los sectores tradicionales. "Inquisición" y "tolerancia" representaron dos conceptos contradictorios en una sociedad involucrada en luchas políticas y culturales que continuaron a lo largo del siglo XIX. URI:http://hdl.handle.net/11721/1512

Using the San Felipe hurricane of 1928 which devastated Puerto Rico and areas of Florida, this article attempts to provide an overview of the importance of hurricanes in the overall development of the greater Caribbean region. It reviews the literatures of history, social sciences, relief agencies, meteorology related to hurricanes, and then turns to the way in which hurricanes historically shaped the social, political, and economic history of various European regimes in the region. It returns to the 1928 storm to examine the growing dependence on state intervention in meeting social and economic needs after disasters, and it emphasizes how differing social and political systems produce different results. ; El artículo toma como punto de partida al huracán San Felipe -que en 1928 devastó Puerto Rico y algunas áreas de la Florida- para ofrecer un panorama sobre la importancia de los huracanes en el desarrollo general de la región del Gran Caribe. Con este propósito, el autor primeramente revisa la literatura de las disciplinas de la historia, las ciencias sociales, la meteorología y los informes de agencias de socorro relacionadas con los huracanes para luego demostrar la manera en que históricamente este fenómeno natural ha modelado el desarrollo socio-económico y político de varios asentamientos europeos en la región. Después de este análisis retoma al ciclón San Felipe para examinar otro aspecto, el de la creciente dependencia en la intervención del Estado para afrontar las necesidades económicas y sociales una vez ocurren los desastres, poniendo el énfasis en cómo diferentes sistemas sociales y políticos producen también diversos resultados.

ABSTRACT- Faced with the difficulty in defining the Brazilian land and its inhabitants since the period of discovery, this paper follows the genesis of the «invention» of the Brazilian people throughout the 18th Century. This creation was hindered by the reluctance of the Portuguese authorities to recognize the existence of such a people as well as the heterogeneousness of the Brazilian land or the slave component of the population. However, the problems that arose around the /Principe do Brasil/ in Bahia in 1733 are evidence of the rise of a Brazilian people based essentially on a plebeian portion of the population made up of half-breed and coloured people.

.