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"An enduring question for democratic government is how much power or administrative discretion should be afforded to unelected bureaucracies. Clayton compares how Supreme Court Justices Breyer and Scalia have addressed the topic of administrative discretion through various administrative law opinions to show how their contrasting methods of legal reasoning and statutory interpretation have enabled and constrained regulatory power. His research identifies themes of Breyer's and Scalia's jurisprudence and reveals the extent to which they defer to agency decisions varies and contradicts both Justices' stated positions on judicial review, legal reasoning, and statutory interpretation to some degree." -- Back cover

PurposeThis paper aims to explore different possible economic narratives concerning trade, which may emerge based on lessons learned from the COVID-19 crisis and likely effects of these differing narratives would have on global poverty reduction.Design/methodology/approachThis is a conceptual paper based on original analysis of selected literature.FindingsThe global response to the COVID-19 crisis of severely restricting international travel and business operations has been accompanied by slowing economic growth and increased levels of global poverty. Due to the nature of the crisis, it is not currently clear, even with hindsight, whether the measures taken have produced more benefits than problems. However, the pace and direction of the economic recovery and the effect on future levels of global poverty will likely depend to some extent on which narratives go viral and become accepted.Social implicationsMembers of academia as well as others have a role to play in creating and spreading narratives about economic activities and focusing on narratives, which do not ignore the plight of the global poor in the aftermath of the current crisis might have a positive effect on the living standards of the hundreds of millions of people living in poverty who have been affected by the current global economic slowdown.Originality/valueThe paper uniquely links ideas associated with behavioral economics, international business theories and empirical evidence with reducing poverty as we move past the COVID-19 crisis.

Community detection in networks is an important tool in understanding complex systems. Finding these communities in complex real-world systems is important in many disciplines, such as computer science, sociology, biology, and others. In this research, we develop an algorithm for performing hierarchical fuzzy spectral clustering. The clustering algorithm is applied to small benchmark problems, as well as a large real-world campaign finance network. Afterwards, we extend the hierarchical fuzzy spectral clustering for use in evolving networks. The discovered communities are tracked through the evolving network and their underlying properties analyzed. Third, we apply association rule mining on community-based partitions of the data. A comparison of the results within and between communities show the effectiveness of this method for adding interpretability to the underlying system. Fourth, we examine the ability of hierarchical fuzzy spectral clustering on a graph to predict behavior that is not present in the graph itself. The results are shown to be effective in predicting votes in the United States legislature based on the campaign finance networks. Finally, we develop an orthogonal spectral autoencoder that is used to perform graph embedding. This approximation model avoids the eigenvector decomposition of the full network, as well as allows out-of-sample spectral clustering. The results show the embedding performs comparably to the full spectral clustering.

Here is an extensive and highly original inquiry into the origins, dynamics, and internal order of the modern metropolis. Allen J. Scott demonstrates how the metropolis emerges out of the basic mechanisms of production and work in contemporary society, and how those mechanisms guide general patterns of urban development. His work will be stimulating to social scientists and to planners and policy makers as well. This title is part of

Focusing on the theme of mutually constitutive relations between geographic space and the economic order, the author discusses the problems of the location of economic activities, learning and innovation in industrial systems, and economic development.

"This book presents an exploratory account of the origins and dynamics of cities. The author recounts how the essential foundations of the urbanization process reside in two interrelated forces. These are the tendency for many different kinds of human activity to gather together to form functional complexes on the landscape, and the multifaceted intra-urban space-sorting crosscurrents set in motion by this primary urge. From these basic points of departure, the city in all its fullness emerges as a reflexive moment in social and economic development. The argument of the book is pursued both in theoretical and in empirical terms, devoting attention to the changing character of urbanization in the capitalist era. A point of particular emphasis concerns the peculiar patterns of resurgent urbanization that are making their historical and geographical appearance in the currently emerging phase of cognitive-cultural capitalism and that are now rapidly diffusing across the globe."--Back cover

The Solway Country-the lands surrounding the inner Solway Firth-constitutes one of the many small regional worlds of the British Isles that are remarkable for the ways in which their landscapes evoke a powerful sense of territorial identity rooted not only in their physical appeal, but also in the richness and distinctiveness of their human history and geography. The Solway Country is an archetypical but hitherto little known exemplar of places like these. This book captures the spirit and s

This innovative volume offers an in-depth analysis of the many ways in which new forms of capitalism in the 21st century are affecting and altering the processes of urbanization. Beginning with the recent history of capitalism and urbanization and moving into a thorough and complex discussion of the modern city, this book outlines the dynamics of what the author calls the third wave of urbanization, characterized by global capitalism's increasing turn to forms of production revolving around technology-intensive artifacts, financial services, and creative commodities such as film, music, and fa

This work is about the renaissance of cities in the 21st century and their increasing role as centres of creative economic activity. Allen Scott is one of the world's foremost thinkers on globalization and the economies of modern cities, and presents a concise introduction to his innovative and insightful perspective.

"This book focuses on the theme of the mutually constitutive relations between geographic space and the economic order. Three principal lines of investigation are identified and explored. First, Allen J. Scott sketches out the general theory of the division of labour and the ways in which it is reflected in geographic patterns of specialization and interaction. He examines, in particular, the role of the division of labour in the formation of large-scale agglomerations of economic activity and the ways in which their internal and external relationships are played out. Second, he considers the structure of geographic space as a fountainhead of creativity, learning, and innovation. A theory of the creative field is presented, and its application to the investigation of entrepreneurship, technological change, and the dynamics of the cultural economy is considered. Third, he offers an account of the regional question in less developed parts of the world. Here, he recovers some of the arguments of high development theory and shows how they can be revitalized in the light of a specifically geographic approach. These three lines of investigation are, of course, tightly intertwined with one another." "Allen J. Scott's argument in general demonstrates that geographic space is not just an inert dimension in which the economy unfolds, but plays an active role in the eventuation of economic outcomes. This state of affairs raises many difficult policy questions about growth and development in both more and less economically advanced countries. Some of the more important of these questions are also broached in the book."--Jacket.