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The Chilean party system has been a legacy of three fundamental social and political watersheds in the 19th and 20th centuries. At each watershed, two-sided cleavages generated a tripartite configuration of parties. Thus, two poles emerged representing antagonistic positions with respect to a fundamental axis of cleavage, and a politically significant center occupied the space between them. In a comparative Latin American framework, this political configuration is distinctive, resembling more closely patterns in some Western European party systems.

[ES] Estos autores señalan que la institucionalización de un sistema de partidos es importante en el proceso de consolidación democrática en la mayoría de los países latinoamericanos. Un sistema de partidos institucionalizado implica estabilidad en la competición intrapartidista, la existencia de partidos con raíces estables en la sociedad, la legitimidad de partidos, elecciones e instituciones, y unas organizaciones partidistas con reglas y estructuras razonablemente estables. También establecen diferencias en el grado de institucionalización y tratan de caracterizar los distintos sistemas de partidos en América Latina. ; [EN] These authors argue that institutionalizing a party system is important to the process of democratic consolidation in mast of Latin American countries. An institutionalized party system implies stability in interparty competition, the existence of parties that have stablee roots in society, the legitimacy of parties elections and institutions and party organizations with reasonably stablee rules and estructures. They also establish differences in the degree of institutionalization and try to charaterize the district party systems in Latin America.

Part one: variance in success: economics, social policy, and the state -- Measuring success in democratic governance / Scott Mainwaring, Timothy R. Scully, and Jorge Vargas Cullell -- Economic growth in Latin America: from the disappointment of the twentieth century to the challenges of the twenty-first / José De Gregorio -- Does one size fit all in policy reform? cross-national evidence and its implications for Latin America / Francisco Rodríguez -- More market or more state for Latin America? a reflection for the post-crisis / Alejandro Foxley -- Successful social policy regimes? political economy, politics, and social policy in Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Costa Rica / Evelyne Huber and John D. Stephens -- Institutional design and judicial effectiveness: lessons from the prosecution of rights violations for democratic governance and the rule of law / Daniel M. Brinks -- Political institutions, populism, and democracy in Latin America / Patricio Navia and Ignacio Walker -- Part two: Country cases: explaining success -- Democratic governance in Chile / Alan Angell -- Limits to Costa Rican heterodoxy: what has changed in "paradise"? / Mitchell A. Seligson and Juliana Martínez Franzoni -- Structural reform and governability: the Brazilian experience in the 1990s / Fernando Henrique Cardoso -- Part three: conclusion -- Democratic governance in Latin America: eleven lessons from recent experience / Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully -- Postscript: democratic governance in Latin America / José Miguel Insulza

Introduction : party systems in Latin America / Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully -- Venezuela : the life and times of the party system / Miriam Kornblith and Daniel H. Levine -- Civil war and social welfare : the origins of Costa Rica's competitive party system / Deborah J. Yashar -- Reconstituting party politics in Chile / Timothy R. Scully -- Continuity and change in the Uruguayan party system / Luis E. Gonz(c)Łlez -- Party strength and weakness in Colombia's beseiged democracy / Ronald P. Archer -- Political parties and democracy in Argentina / James W. McGuire -- Houses divided : parties and political reform in Mexico / Ann L. Craig and Wayne A. Cornelius -- A party system in transition : the case of Paraguay / Diego Abente -- Political parties and the problems of democratic consolidation in Peru / Julio Cotler -- Brazil : weak parties, feckless democracy / Scott Mainwaring -- The patrimonial dynamics of party politics in Bolivia / Eduardo A. Gamarra and James M. Malloy -- Politicians against parties : discord and disconnection in Edcuador's party system / Catherine M. Conaghan -- Conclusion : parties and democracy in Latin America : different patterns, common challenges / Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully

This article suggests eight lessons regarding democratic governance during the third wave of democratization in Latin America. First, creating effective democratic governance has proven far more difficult than analysts anticipated in the early 1990s. Second, the outcomes in democratic governance in contemporary Latin America have varied widely. Third, effective states are important for successful democratic governance. Fourth, institutionalized party systems facilitate effective democratic governance. Fifth, no set of formal institutions is clearly superior to others for promoting successful democratic governance. Sixth, although historical legacies shape the prospects for the subsequent success of democratic governance, countries have opportunities to break from the past and to establish new regime dynamics. Seventh, in the post-1990 period in Latin America, positive and negative outcomes have tended to go together. Finally, effective democratic governance does not always satisfy popular aspirations.