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Sweden's and the other Nordic countries' support for the national liberation process and struggle against apartheid was unique in the international context both in regard to the size of the financial support and the extensive popular involvement. This book attempts to document the involvement of Sweden in the Southern African struggles against colonialism, occupation and white minority rule. While Volume I set out to identify the actors and factors behind the involvement, the aim of the present volume is to illustrate the Swedish participation. The focus of this study is on official assistance to the national liberation movements but the important role played by the organized Swedish solidarity movement and other non-governmental organizations also forms part of the narration. The study also attempts to contribute to a broader understanding of the international aspects of the Thirty Years' War in the region, a significant chapter in the quest for national self-determination, democracy and human rights towards the end of the troubled 20th century. Primarily written for the general reader interested in relations between Sweden and the Southern African liberation movements, the presentation should also provide material and theoretical enquiries with regard to, for example, Swedish foreign policy in the cold war era; regional developments in a bipolar world; and the diplomatic initiatives, political alliances and material conditions of the different movements. This book is a part of the Nordic Africa Institute's Research Project National Liberation in Southern Africa. The Role of the Nordic Countries. The result of the project is a unique documentation, mainly drawing on hitherto restricted official primary sources. This book, together with the other studies published within the project, forms a valuable reference source for everyone interested in the 20th century history of Southern Africa in particular or North/South and international relations in general. ; Contents: Chronological overview 1950–1994 -- Acknowledgements -- Prologue -- PAIGC of Guinea-Bissau : Breaking the Ground -- FRELIMO of Mozambique : Clearing a Way -- MPLA of Angola : A Rockier Road -- ZANU and ZAPU of Zimbabwe : On Separate Trails -- Patriotic Front : ZANU and ZAPU towards Independence -- SWAPO of Namibia : Tentative Steps towards Firm Relations -- Transport, Home Front, Churches and Trade Unions -- The Shipanga Affair and Beyond : Humanitarian Assistance and Human Rights – Cold War, Total Strategy and Expanded Assistance -- With SWAPO to Victory -- ANC of South Africa : No Easy Walk -- Isolation versus Involvement : Companies, Churches and Labour in the 1970s -- SACTU, Unions and Sanctions – 'Looking for Alternatives' : Pan Africanist Congress -- Gatsha Buthelezi and Inkatha -- Black Consciousness, IUEF and 'Operation Daisy' -- From Beds in Exile to Organizers at Home -- Attacks and Assistance in the Forward Areas : Swaziland and Mozambique -- Lesotho, Botswana, Zimbabwe and a Note on Security -- Closer and Broader Cooperation : Projects in Exile, Mineworkers, UDF and Civics in South Africa -- Culture and Popular Initiatives : From Frontline Rock to the People's Parliament -- Banning of Trade and Planning for Post-Apartheid -- Free at Last

The interviews in this book were conducted for the Nordics Africa Institute's research project 'National liberation in Southern Africa - The role of the nordic countries'. Around 80 representatives of the Southern African liberation movements, as well as Swedish and other opinion makers, administrators and politicians, reflect on the Nordic support to these struggles. Prominent leaders - among them Joaquim Chissano, Kenneth Kaunda and Thabo Mbeki - give their views on a relationship that largely developed outside the public arena. The book is a reference source to a unique North-South relationship in the Cold War period. ; 2. ed.

In 1969, the Swedish parliament endorsed a policy of direct assistance to the liberation movements in Southern Africa. Sweden thus became the first Western country to enter into a relationship with organizations that elsewhere in the West were shunned as 'Communist' or 'terrorist'. This book traces the background to the relationship. Presenting the actors and the factors behind the support to MPLA of Angola, FRELIMO of Mozambique, SWAPO of Namibia, ZANU and ZAPU of Zimbabwe and ANC of South Africa, it addresses the question why Sweden established those close relations with the very movements that eventually would assume state power in their respective countries. The second volume (appearing in late 1999) will discuss how the support was expressed, covering the period from 1970 to 1994. ; Contents: Introduction – Sweden after the second world – Foreign affairs and economic relations with Southern Africa – Decolonization and beginnings of Swedish aid – Forerunners of a popular opinion – Sweden in South Africa – Reactions to apartheid -- ANC, boycotts and nascent relations – From popular solidarity to official support – Namibia : from SWANU to SWAPO – To Zimbabwe via Zambia – Sweden, ZANU and ZAPU – Angolan insurrections and Swedish reactions – Towards official support to MPLA – The Mondlanes and FRELIMO of Mozambique – The shadow of Cabora Bassa

This report presents the overall observations during the Angolan parliamentary and presidential elections in Malange Province, some 350 km east of Luanda. The conclusions in his report are that the elections - although minor irregularities had been observed - were free and secret. (DÜI-Hff)

The objectives of the tour were twofold, namely (1) to report on the Namibian National Land Reform Conference and on the research carried out by NEPRU for the conference, and (2) to consult with South African academic and community oriented organisations on the organisation and administration of social science research. (DÜI-Hff)