Suchergebnisse

Lebanese immigration to Brazil began in the latter part of the nineteenth century and continued during the twentieth century particularly during the civil war in 1975-76. The communities living in enclaves dominated by people of a different religious, national or political persuasion sought to escape the persistent violence and to improve their living conditions by moving abroad. Situated at the intersection of land and sea routes, Lebanon has had many invaders and when the early immigrants arrived in Brazil they were classified as Turks because they arrived with a Turkish passport since Lebanon was still under Ottoman control. The settlement experience was full of identity issues and the life was not easy for those immigrants who couldn't speak Portuguese and didn't have many contacts. Nevertheless, they settle in Brazil by filling a need for itinerant hawkers selling their wares all over the country, often supplied by the newly established shopkeepers and warehousemen. When the hawkers amassed enough money, they opened their own stores, often in towns, experiencing an internal migration from rural to urban areas as well. The Lebanese community in Brazil, which now numbers more than 6 million people, has made an important contribution to the development of the Brazilian cultural life. Nowadays, Lebanese associations in Brazil help to meet the differing cultural, settlement and welfare needs of the people from the Middle East, helping to bring the different groups together. Lebanese immigrants view home as both a concrete reality that is achieved physically or in relation with others, and a symbolic reference point that moves beyond territorial boundaries. The second and third generations speak Portuguese and are well educated, and some are university professors and writers whose works have won prizes in foreign countries. Many of their novels have been translated into many languages and tell stories from their ancestors about the adventures of the Diaspora and contact with foreign peoples. This article will examine the representation in literature of the Lebanese Diaspora, known in Arabic as "Al Mahjar", and the intercultural contact among the heterogeneous communities in the Brazilian society recounted in these stories. Furthermore, it will focus on how the migrants themselves view their migration, particularly the way they see the different communities and recreate their sense of home and belonging (to both a past and a present) as well the way they create strategies as sources of stability and integration used in dealing with their new life in Brazil. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Este artigo analisa a relação entre a literatura e a vida pública em Portugal em dois autores representativos da literatura portuguesa, Eça de Queirós e Mário de Carvalho. Eça de Queirós é provavelmente o escritor português do século XIX com mais projeção internacional. Mário de Carvalho possui atualmente uma vasta obra de mais de trinta anos que tem merecido a atribuição de vários prémios literários, nacionais e estrangeiros e é um leitor entusiástico de Eça que frequentemente menciona. Têm em comum a intenção formadora e reformadora através de uma ironia impiedosa e crítica acutilante das respetivas sociedades. Este artigo analisa algumas vertentes e instituições da sociedade portuguesa que merecem a sua crítica, nomeadamente o jornalismo, a política, as igrejas e a cultura dominante. A responsabilidade de trazer os cidadãos da apatia em que estão quanto à cultura e à política é evidente nestes dois autores que não apenas dão um testemunho da sociedade portuguesa, mas transmitem a indignação moral contra todas as formas de submissão aos poderes instituídos.