Suchergebnisse

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar las principales implicaciones de Internet en general, y de las plataformas de comercio electrónico en particular, sobre el proceso de internacionalización de las empresas. Para ello, se analizan las ventajas que una tecnología como Internet genera en el intercambio de bienes y servicios entre países, en términos de reducción de los costes de búsqueda y un mejor emparejamiento entre vendedores y compradores. En este contexto, el auge de las plataformas de comercio electrónico supone un paso más allá en la disminución de las barreras al comercio, reduciendo las fricciones logísticas, la incertidumbre y aumentando en última instancia la competencia en los mercados digitales.

Satellite-derived sea-ice concentration (SIC) and re-analysed atmospheric data are used to analyse the potential feedback of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)-driven sea-ice anomalies in winter onto the atmosphere during 1979–2013. A maximum covariance analysis shows that this feedback can be detected with monthly data. When SIC leads, the covariability between Atlantic SIC and the Euro-Atlantic atmospheric circulation in February is statistically significant, but shows intraseasonal differences: the December SIC influence is dominated by anomalies east of Greenland, with maximum amplitude in the Greenland Sea (GS); while the January SIC influence is dominated by anomalies west of Greenland, in the Davis Strait-Labrador Sea (DL) region. The lagged atmospheric anomalies are likewise different. A reduction of SIC over GS in December is followed in February by a negative NAO-like pattern near the surface and a hemispheric signature in the upper-troposphere, thus acting as a negative feedback. On the other hand, a reduction of SIC over DL in January is followed by an atmospheric anomaly over the North Atlantic that projects on the positive phase of the East Atlantic pattern. The dynamics associated with these atmospheric anomalies is described, indicating that transient-eddy activity is likely at work in settling the large-scale patterns. The role of concomitant North Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies is discussed. ; The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union 7th Framework Programme (FP7 2007-2013), under grant agreement n.308299 (NACLIM – www.naclim.eu). JG-S was partially supported by the H2020-funded MSCA-IF-EF DPETNA project. The authors thank Francis Codron (LOCEAN-IPSL) for discussions and two anonymous reviewers for their comments on the manuscript. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (author's final draft)

Satellite-derived sea-ice concentration (SIC) and re-analysed atmospheric data are used to analyse the potential feedback of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)-driven sea-ice anomalies in winter onto the atmosphere during 1979–2013. A maximum covariance analysis shows that this feedback can be detected with monthly data. When SIC leads, the covariability between Atlantic SIC and the Euro-Atlantic atmospheric circulation in February is statistically significant, but shows intraseasonal differences: the December SIC influence is dominated by anomalies east of Greenland, with maximum amplitude in the Greenland Sea (GS); while the January SIC influence is dominated by anomalies west of Greenland, in the Davis Strait-Labrador Sea (DL) region. The lagged atmospheric anomalies are likewise different. A reduction of SIC over GS in December is followed in February by a negative NAO-like pattern near the surface and a hemispheric signature in the upper-troposphere, thus acting as a negative feedback. On the other hand, a reduction of SIC over DL in January is followed by an atmospheric anomaly over the North Atlantic that projects on the positive phase of the East Atlantic pattern. The dynamics associated with these atmospheric anomalies is described, indicating that transient-eddy activity is likely at work in settling the large-scale patterns. The role of concomitant North Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies is discussed. ; The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union 7th Framework Programme (FP7 2007-2013), under grant agreement n.308299 (NACLIM – www.naclim.eu). JG-S was partially supported by the H2020-funded MSCA-IF-EF DPETNA project. The authors thank Francis Codron (LOCEAN-IPSL) for discussions and two anonymous reviewers for their comments on the manuscript. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (author's final draft)

En las estructuras de los partidos políticos modernos siempre han existido tendencias de subunidades o pequeños grupos para organizarse e influir en las decisiones de las cúpulas partidistas denominadas también coaliciones dominantes. Éstas, a su vez, están formadas en su núcleo dirigente por miembros de esas fracciones o grupos que constantemente se encuentran en lucha con otros grupos dentro de los partidos por la renovación de las elites que formarán parte de esa misma coalición dirigente. El estudio empírico lo efectuamos a partir del caso de los partidos mexicanos que con sus fracciones se encuentran en constante movimiento y lucha permanente por arribar al "círculo selecto" de la coalición dominante de cada partido.

La siguiente reflexión analiza las estructuras y los elementos del Estado moderno, sus primeras manifestaciones, pasando por su evolución y los fundamentos teóricos que se le fueron sumando en el contexto de la democracia capitalista y sus diversas formas de expresión en las distintas sociedades. Ubicadas en el marco formal del Estado moderno encontramos al mercado político en el que aparecen tanto la teoría de la representatividad como los partidos políticos; organizaciones indispensables para efectuarla y sin los cuales sería difícil comprender la política en sus modalidades de interlocución, negociación y demandas sociales. En este sentido también se mencionan cuestiones referentes a la administración tecnocrática del Estado y la precisión de los marcos teóricos de algunos de sus principales representantes, así como las referentes a la construcción de la ingeniería social de la democracia.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el proceso de transformación digital de las empresas industriales europeas, desde una perspectiva comparada con sus rivales norteamericanas y asiáticas. Se analizan las contribuciones académicas sobre el impacto de la digitalización en la industria, para a continuación realizar un diagnóstico del nivel de penetración de las tecnologías digitales en las empresas europeas, y proponer finalmente ciertas líneas de actuación en materia regulatoria, en especial en el ámbito de los datos.

Many recent studies have revealed the importance of the climatic state in November on the seasonal climate of the subsequent winter. In particular, it has been shown that interannual variability of sea ice concentration (SIC) over the Barents-Kara (BK) seas in November is linked to winter atmospheric circulation anomaly that projects on the North Atlantic Oscillation. Understanding the lead lag processes involving the different components of the climate system from autumn to winter is therefore important. This note presents dynamical interpretation for the ice-oceanatmosphere relationships that can affect the BK SIC anomaly in late autumn. It is found that cyclonic (anticyclonic) wind anomaly over the Arctic in October, by Ekman drift, can be responsible for positive (negative) SIC in theBKseas in November. The results also suggest that ocean heat transport via the Barents Sea Opening in September and October can contribute to BK SIC anomaly in November. ; JG-S has been supported by the European Union's FP7-funded NACLIM project (ENV-308299) and H2020-funded DPETNA grant (MSCA-IF-EF 655339). MPK acknowledges the Severo Ochoa Visiting Fellowship at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center and the Nordforsk GREENICE project (61841). Mehmet Ilicak and MariusA˚ rthun provided suggestions related to ocean heat transport. Suggestions from the reviewer had also led to improvement in the analyses. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (published version)

Many recent studies have revealed the importance of the climatic state in November on the seasonal climate of the subsequent winter. In particular, it has been shown that interannual variability of sea ice concentration (SIC) over the Barents-Kara (BK) seas in November is linked to winter atmospheric circulation anomaly that projects on the North Atlantic Oscillation. Understanding the lead lag processes involving the different components of the climate system from autumn to winter is therefore important. This note presents dynamical interpretation for the ice-oceanatmosphere relationships that can affect the BK SIC anomaly in late autumn. It is found that cyclonic (anticyclonic) wind anomaly over the Arctic in October, by Ekman drift, can be responsible for positive (negative) SIC in theBKseas in November. The results also suggest that ocean heat transport via the Barents Sea Opening in September and October can contribute to BK SIC anomaly in November. ; JG-S has been supported by the European Union's FP7-funded NACLIM project (ENV-308299) and H2020-funded DPETNA grant (MSCA-IF-EF 655339). MPK acknowledges the Severo Ochoa Visiting Fellowship at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center and the Nordforsk GREENICE project (61841). Mehmet Ilicak and MariusA˚ rthun provided suggestions related to ocean heat transport. Suggestions from the reviewer had also led to improvement in the analyses. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (published version)

La participación política ciudadana ha sido determinante en los diferentes periodos de la historia de la humanidad. Esa misma participación ha permitido que los diversos regímenes políticos adopten determinadas modalidades en la construcción de la democracia. Existen diversos grados de participación, la ciudadana, la política y la electoral. En México, la participación ciudadana ha sido encausada hacia cuestiones electorales que han permitido al país transformarse progresivamente, hasta llegar a la alternancia en el Poder Ejecutivo; sin embargo, los controles institucionales del régimen, hasta ahora, la han limitado de diversas maneras en la legislación secundaria.