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Introduction. Modern armed confrontation has an obligatory information component and, moreover, can be a kind of media project in a situation where the confrontation is based on a contradiction between military and political goals. Based on the results obtained, the authors concluded that new media are a mechanism for implementing a media project to transform "real" reality, change the media and supra-real (cognitive, mental, or reflective) realities. Methods and materials. During the study, over 1900 images and videos were analyzed posted in the network communities of social media VKontakte, Odnoklassniki, and Twitter, as well as the Telegram communication messenger, from February to May 2022. Analysis. Modern armed confrontation is a new type of social connection since the Internet, social media, and politics form new political and communicative ties in society, which, in turn, create or destroy political forces and change political regimes and economic players for markets. Result. The authors propose a model connecting physical, informational, and virtual spaces, explaining network communication creation and functioning. This model influences politics, economics, resources, and territories through people's mass consciousness. Authors' contribution. G.V. Kosov developed the theoretical basis of the study and carried out the general scientific editing of the article. O.V. Yarmak analyzed the dominant trends in modern media projects and the Ukrainian case. O.M. Litvishko interpreted the results of theoretical and empirical studies characterizing the process of forming a new media project. A.E. Gapich organized studies of images and videos posted in the network communities of social media (VKontakte, Odnoklassniki, Twitter), as well as the Telegram messenger.

The article analyzes cultural and historical determinants of the formation of the Bulgarian national geopolitical conscience; these include Turkish, Russian and Macedonian complexes, with the European one to have recently been added. The author argues that external perception of Bulgaria has had a significant impact on the development of the Bulgarian national geopolitical conscience, notably if to take into consideration involvement of intellectual elites and general public of major foreign powers into the Bulgarian national liberation movement. In this respect, attention has been drawn to foreign ethnographic maps, which in the view of Bulgarians are an important argument for providing a rationale for the national geopolitical ideal of "Great Bulgaria".

The article considers the issues of the nature and conditions of the formation of the geopolitical identity of the Bulgarian nation. The author analyzes the specifics of geopolitical thinking in Bulgaria as a small state in South-Eastern Europe associated, on the one hand, with the approval of the "central", "core" position of Bulgaria on the Balkan Peninsula, and with belonging to "Intermediate Europe" ("Wide South-Eastern Europe") along with all other Balkan countries on the other hand. It has been shown that the fundamental Bulgarian geopolitical notions are not part of any clearly articulated doctrine, as was the case in neighboring Greece or Serbia, but are the result of a number of political events, due to which the modern Bulgarian national identity begins to take shape. First of all, we are talking about the firman of the Ottoman Sultan, according to which the Bulgarian Autocephalous Church – Exarchate was founded on March 11, 1870, and after that the draft about autonomous Bulgaria worked out at the Istanbul Conference of Ambassadors of the Great Powers (December 1876), and finally – San - Stefan Peace Treaty of 1878, which completed the formation of the national geopolitical ideal of "Greater Bulgaria."

The correct and detailed definition of the target audience contributes to the success of the business project. Despite the fact that today they distinguish innovative entrepreneurial projects separately, calling them start-ups, competition in the market requires that they be innovative a priori. Considering that the life span of such projects in Russia is an average of three years, it is advisable to collect data on the potential client before launching it. Meanwhile, according to statistics, 35–42 % of failures in the implementation of innovative entre-preneurial projects are due to the reasons associated with the incorrect definition of the target audience. In this regard, the article presents the rationale for the importance of knowing the potential addressee of an entrepre-neurial project, considers ways of determining the target audience, gives a brief description of them as part of the project activities according to three criteria: the purpose of the toolkit, the complexity of the analysis and the method of obtaining the information used. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that without a preliminary assess-ment of the demand for the proposed product from the addressable consumer, entering the market with any business project is inexpedient because of the high risks.

The article investigates informal ties among the Yugoslav party-state bureaucracy in 1945–1965 in order to identify their influence on the disintegration processes in Yugoslavia. Interaction through unofficial channels was based on solid social-cultural preconditions and played a significant role in the life of the country. Informal ties could be formed due to military service or employment, family or friendship connections, but ties of compatriot character are most fully represented in the sources. They were lined up on a vertical basis in accordance with the existing administrative-territorial division and were predominately used to achieve some kind of material benefits. Until the early 1950s, compatriot ties could be used both in the interests of the center and subordinate regions, but afterwards only the latter option remained, so they quickly turned into a mechanism of lobbying regional interests in central bodies. Compatriot ties were closely intertwined with parochialism and particularism and fueled by the mood of the masses. For example, there were difficulties in nominating candidates of non-local origin during elections. There were politicians who did not follow the requests of their compatriots, but presumably they were in minority. Since the 1950s, there had been a tendency to institutionally include compatriot ties in the governing bodies, in particular, the principle of proportional regional representation had been established in state and party bodies. Already in the early 1960s this course undermined the efficiency of the central government. To which extent this result was determined by the role of compatriot ties system or other factors has yet to be researched, but it can be stated that the system of informal ties became one of the factors in the disintegration of Yugoslavia.

The article is devoted to the study of the features of the formation and develop­ment of the magical and mystical traditions in Russian culture, from the era of Ancient Rus' to the present. In the culture of Ancient Russia the dominant was the magical consciousness, generated by the belief in the man's ability to influ­ence the material world with the help of certain rituals. The penetration of mysti­cism in the form of Orthodox hesychasm as the doctrine of the "deification" of man began with the adoption of Christianity. Hesychasm becomes the moral core of Russian culture thanks to the efforts of the holy ascetics, who affirm the values of love and national unity. Mysticism, being a set of practices aimed at re­structuring consciousness, requires hard work and efforts from a person. The do­mestic mystical tradition in the 19th and 20th centuries was supplanted by West­ern European mysticism, occultism and magic. Magic is always practical, utilitarian and aimed at achieving specific human needs. The consciousness of a modern person remains basically magical.

The service of American doctors in the Russian army during the Crimean war is one of the most interesting pages in the history of Russian-American relations. In 1854–1855, about 40 American physicians joined the Russian army. In general, more is known about American doctors in the Crimean theatre of military operations. However, American doctors were also present on the northern front in the Baltic area, particularly, in the Russian army in Finland. Four Americans — Drs Thrall, McMillen, Leas, and Smyser — served in Tavastehus temporary military hospital. In Russian and foreign historiography, the question of foreign doctors' service on the northern front of the Crimean war has not been addressed, and the organization of the medical part of the Russian troops guarding the Baltic coast is under-researched. The material for this study was the letters of two American doctors, William Rockwell Thrall and William Lynn McMillen, published in the Daily Ohio State Journal and the Ohio Medical and Surgical Journal. For the first time letters from American physicians are introduced into scholarship. They are interesting not only as a historical source describing the condition of the Russian army and society during the Crimean War, but also as an example of positive experience of cooperation between Russia and the United States. This little-known material, enables to reconstruct a partial picture of American doctors' service in Finland, their circle of acquaintances and their views on Russia.