Suchergebnisse

Several researches have studied the proposed relationships between the perception of organizational politics (POP), job insecurity, job embeddedness and turnover intentions. However, this study investigates a different explanation, by considering the moderating effects of static personality traits such as core self-evaluation (CSE) on Turnover intention (TI) when the employee, having varying levels of job embeddedness, (JE) is exposed to POP and job insecurity (JI). The worldwide increase in aspirations and provision of premium services in hospitality industry, especially in the five star category has led the customers to expect utmost superior service in every interaction. It needs skilled and customer oriented staff to maintain the set standards. In case of loss of such trained staff it results in faulty sales experience opportunity costs that may be detrimental to the reputation of the hotel, indicating turnover as a major concern in hospitality industry. There is a need to look through the lens of job embeddedness and CSE to understand actual and intended turnover, beyond the traditional job satisfaction prism to retain the trained staff. The data were obtained from employees of five-star hotels. Researcher- administered structured questionnaires were collected using multistage sampling method. 150 respondents were initially approached, 108 were duly filled in, constituting a response rate of 72%. It is found that POP and JI are positively related to TI. However the relationship is moderated by the CSE of employee that influence his experiences, behavior and intentions. Moreover the JE.is negatively related to TI and enhances the organization-employee fit and linkage. The results of the study suggest development of 'Retention Policy' that can be established through minimization of POP and enhancement in the JE of employees. Moreover, trust and transparency can be established by sharing information about the transparent reward policies, distinguishing high performing employees. This is particularly important in hospitality industry of Pakistan where the level of POP and injustice is particularly high. Making employees realize that they are not being mistreated/ manipulated is an important aspect to enhance their embeddedness. This can also tackle the problem of job insecurity. Furthermore, the hiring procedures of employees should make use of effective, objective and standard personality tests based on different dimensions, helping in acquiring the right caliber and traits of employees, ensuring their long term retention. The originality and value of the study lies in the application of a holistic person-oriented approach that inculcates the personality traits (CSE) of employees in determining the linkages between POP, JI, JE and TI. The empirical testing provides an important contribution to the hospitality management and marketing literature in Pakistan, providing not only a guideline for hiring and reward policies for employees who exhibit turnover intentions due to either POP and injustice in reward procedures or mismatch with the job requirements. It also highlights the need for hospitality management to devise mechanisms to increase the embeddedness (which was reportedly low/not recognized) to bear the fruits of such hiring policies.

Rising trends of globalization in economic, managerial and social arenas have resulted in interpersonal contacts across the cultures. Multinational companies are increasingly focusing on trainings of their employees for improvement of performance. This research is based on the practical idea and literature review about the success of employees who are deputed for overseas assignments.Various factors related to the success or failures of expatriates have been explored in this study and one of the important aspects "cross cultural training" has been focused to find its impact on success of expatriates. This study encompasses the definition of cross cultural training ranging to its importance and effects. Substantial investment pertaining to foreign subsidiaries fashions the management to expect for the high returns, on the other hand, failure of expatriates adds significantly in failure of companies in deed.Proper cross cultural training of employees help them to shun the cultural shock and difficulties in adjustment abroad. For completion of this research, a very comprehensive questionnaire was designed basing on theoretical framework and a case study of expatriates of National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) of Pakistan was carried out. Study found that there are multi-faceted uses of cross cultural training and it is one of the major sources to reduce cultural shock and pre-mature return of the employees.The research is not only useful for NADRA and Government Sector of Pakistan rather through conceptual work it is universally constructive for developing a general idea about cross cultural training and its impact on success of expatriates. This research specifically covered all related areas of expatriates of studied organization and findings have been discussed in order to grasp the relevant sides of topic by controlling rest of variables for getting potentially reliable results.

Financial knowledge is necessary for money management. The objective of this research is to determine the level of financial knowledge and its effect on financial literacy among university students in Punjab, Pakistan. The data was collected through a questionnaire among the different management, economic, and business students in the different universities of Punjab, Pakistan. Data were analyzed through Smart-PLS. Results showed a significant effect of financial attitude and financial Behavior on financial literacy. It also indicates that financial Behavior and financial attitude have a direct positive effect on financial literacy. While the financial influence has a non-significant and negative impact on financial literacy. This research helps to contribute to the review of literature on determinants of financial literacy among university students in the future. This study is causal to investigate the effect of leadership styles on university performance. In leadership, two dimensions are analyzed first is autocratic leadership style and second is democratic leadership style. While in University performance, two dimensions are taken, the first one is the employee's performance and the second one is quality of education. Primary data were collected through the questionnaire from the university professors from 30 public sector universities in Punjab. This study proved a negative relationship between autocratic leadership style on employees' performance and quality of education. Moreover, there has been a positive relationship between democratic leadership style on the employee's performance as well as on the quality of education. Organizational politics enhances the negative relationship between autocratic leadership style and employees' performance and quality of education. In addition to that, its effect is weak in the positive relationship between democratic leadership style on employees' performance and quality of education. This study is helpful for the ministry of education to improve university performance by incorporating the findings in the policy formulation.

Today, Human Resource have identified that competent and skillful employees are the valuable factor in growing and developing organizations. So, respecting their needs their needs management can lead employee job satisfaction. People are the most important in the hospitality organizations because they are the central to the hospitality and service; employees' attitude, behaviors play a significant role to produce quality of services. Customer satisfaction and customers' perception about the quality of services are significantly influenced by the attitudes and behaviors of employees to provide services. The most industries are creating comparative understandings to keep employees productive and committed at work. Job satisfaction includes evaluative and expectancy components. The job satisfaction as a pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experience. Job satisfaction as affective response resulting from the evaluation of the work environment to enhance organizational productivity. Employees' work performance is the degree to which employees are carrying out their jobs in a given tasks. This study contributes to better understanding of fairness perceptions by employees. There is large amount of research in this field, the organization focuses on to attain the expected performance from employees, because employees perform key role to achieve organizational goals.

Strong relationship outcomes depend upon the combination of the relationship marketing tactics and personality traits of the customer. The proposed study will contribute to assess the relationship outcomes in insurance agent - policy holder relations in different ways; to assess the overall impact of the relationship marketing tactics on the efforts made by the firms to retain their customers with them, the overall impact of the personality traits of the customer on the customer relationship proneness, and the combine impact of the retention orientation of the customer and customer relationship proneness on the stronger relationship outcomes in the insurance industry of Pakistan.

Currently the world is experiencing a tremendous growth in the use of social networking sites (SNS). Virtual communities is Increasing day by day, there is still a lack of studies analyze on role of virtual community in impulse buying on the base of trust. Dramatic change in the technology it play role for the virtual communities. Virtual community is a group of people who share common interest and practices, who tend to communicate to each other on the regular base over internet via a common mechanism or location (e.g. social networking websites). Generally, virtual communities serve discussion forums where people communicate with each other and sharing common interest via an electronic media. Virtual communities play role both the retailer and consumer to communicate and discuss information regarding various product of interest.