Suchergebnisse

In mid-March 2022, a letter by Pakistan Young Pharmacist Association (PYPA) caught the headline of major newspapers in Pakistan. The letter, written in the context of the prevalent shortage of paracetamol, more or less alleged that the drug manufacturing companies were deliberately causing the shortages. They argued that drug manufacturers wanted to compel customers to buy a higher dose of the said drug (665 mg) since it had a significantly higher price than lower doses.
The letter again brings to light the critical (but lesser discussed) issue of persistent drug shortages in Pakistan. Every year, critically needed drugs tend to vanish off the shelves, to be either found in black or imported to meet shortages (the below table contains a few sample cases of shortages since two decades). Mehmood (2017), 4 after a survey of the major drug markets in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, found that 48 registered drugs were unavailable (drug manufacturers had stopped producing them), while 67 registered brands were experiencing shortages of varying degrees. Drug shortages, however, are not a recent phenomenon; in fact, it goes back to the time of the creation of the country. On 30th March 1954, during the Constituent Assembly session, Mr. Abdul Monem Khan pointed to the severe shortages of medicines in the country. The Health Minister, Mr. Tafazzal Ali, replied that import orders had been placed to ameliorate the shortages. In 1976, Arthur Homer Furnia, a US Health sector specialist, noted the shortages of medicines, especially in government facilities where the trend of siphoning off medicines was common.

Financial markets (bond and stock markets), in conjunction with financial intermediaries (banks, insurance companies, pension funds) perform the important task of channelling surplus loanable funds from households, businesses, government and foreigners to households, businesses and governments in an efficient manner. This transfer of funds proceeds through a 'direct' and an 'indirect' channel, depicted in the diagram. A brief description of the structure of the financial market their main function and working is presented in the following table.

This research study aimed to examine the effect of advertisement appeals on the psychological well-being of children and assess the moderating role of disposition in the relationship of children's psychological well-being and advertisement appeals. The study was conducted by using primary data. Data was collected through the survey conducted in three-time lags from the children of age ranging from 8 to 12 years. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed among a sample of 578 children. For the selection of sample nonprobability, convenience sampling technique was employed, whereas descriptive and inferential statistical tools were utilized for the data analysis with the help of statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS) and analysis of moment structure (AMOS) version 23. Research findings showed that advertising appeals have a significant positive effect on the psychological well-being of children. Furthermore, disposition positively moderates the relationship between advertising appeals and the psychological well-being of the children.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of despotic leadership and workplace incivility on turnover intention among nurses in Punjab, Pakistan, by mediating the effect of work-family conflict. 573 questionnaires were distributed to nurses in Punjab, Pakistan's healthcare sector. SPSS was used to analyze the data, and Smart PLS was used to evaluate the model. The findings of the study reveal that despotic leadership and workplace incivility directly increase turnover intention. The independent variables were positively and negatively correlated with intent to leave the organization. The mediating effect of work-family conflict between despotic leadership and turnover intention was not supported. The study also examines how despotic leadership and workplace incivility affect work-family conflict, which has not been extensively studied. This research sheds light on employee turnover and stresses the importance of addressing negative workplace experiences to boost retention and well-being.

During typesetting of the article, one of alphabet was missed in author name Hafiz Muzzammel Rehman and it became "Rehan". The original article has been corrected.

Spatial Patterns of Noise Pollutionand its Effects in Lahore City -- Preface -- Contents -- List of abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study -- 1.3 Study area -- 1.4 Topography -- 1.5 Temperature -- 1.6 Rainfall -- 1.7 Wind speed and direction -- 1.8 The road network -- 1.9 Status of vehicular traffic in Lahore -- 1.10 Impacts of noise pollution on urban life -- 1.10.1 Audiological impacts -- 1.10.2 Biological impacts -- 1.10.3 Behavioral impacts -- Chapter 2: Literature review -- 2.1 Literature review -- Chapter 3: Noise pollution and its effects -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Measurement of noise -- 3.3 Unit and range of noise -- 3.4 Sources of noise pollution -- 3.4.1 Point source -- 3.4.2 Line source -- 3.4.3 Plane source -- 3.4.4 Industrial source -- 3.4.5 Non-industrial source -- 3.5 Mechanism of Hearing -- 3.6 Effects of noise -- 3.7 Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for noise in Japan -- 3.8 The duration of exposure to noise in USA -- 3.9 National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for Noise -- Chapter 4: Data sources and methodology -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Data Collection -- 4.2.1 Data Sources -- 4.2.2 Equipment used for noise measurement -- 4.2.3 Measurement Procedure -- 4.3 Methodology -- 4.3.1 Site selection -- 4.3.2 Sample location -- 4.4 Use of multivariate analysis techniques -- 4.4.1 Cluster analysis and Factor analysis -- 4.5 Presentation -- Chapter 5: Spatial patterns of noise pollution -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Level of Noise Pollution around Walled City Lahore, 2011 -- 5.3 Level of Noise Pollution around Mall Road Lahore, 2011 -- 5.4 Level of Noise Pollution around Jail Road Lahore, 2011 -- 5.5 Level of Noise Pollution around Garhi Shahu Lahore, 2011 -- 5.6 Area wise Coverage of Noise Pollution -- 5.7 Comparative analysis of morning and evening levels.

Curriculum which is considered as the main tool education cannot remain the same endlessly. With the expansion of spectrum of knowledge, upgrading of the curriculum is needed with the passage of time. It is nevertheless, the timely updates and restructuring of curriculum can enhance the standard of education. It is therefore, change in curriculum and comparative analysis of the curriculum has been a hot debated topic not only in Pakistan but also all around the world. Current design of the study can be used to analyze the curriculum of mathematics for secondary level of education prescribed by the Punjab Text Book Board. The sole purpose of this comparative study of mathematics is to better analyze the policy objectives of the subject of mathematics curriculum for education at secondary level in Pakistan. Secondly, the study was aiming to analyze curriculum processes while referring to certain objectives, content, methodology and assessment techniques. Thirdly, this research study was aiming to critically review the subject matter of mathematics while highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the subject of mathematics taught at secondary level of education in Pakistan. Fourth, the aim of this research study is to explore the suggestions of curriculum specialists about the salability of the value of mathematics curriculum in education of secondary level in Pakistan. Fifthly, the study used to recommend measures to upgrade the curriculum of mathematics implemented for secondary school education in the country. The population under study comprised of teachers, students, opinion of national curriculum professionals and materials provided about the mathematics curriculum from the Curriculum Bureau in Provinces of Pakistan. Suggestions and recommendations are provided in the end of the research study while better concluding the results and findings in the end of the paper.