Suchergebnisse

This study evaluates the impact of economic reforms on the social sector of Pakistan by constructing the index of economic reforms of the key sectors of the economy for the period 1971 to 2015 using ARDL. For analysis purpose two separate models have been estimated for poverty and income inequality. The results of the study reveal that economic reforms impact poverty and income inequality negatively and significantly. The negative relationship of economic reforms show that economic reforms are helpful for improving the social sector of Pakistan. Moreover, both the models also show convergence from short run to long run period. The foreign direct investment exerts positive impact on poverty and gross fixed capital has positive impact on both poverty and income inequality. The relationship between population growth and income inequality is positive and significant. Moreover, age dependency ratio and life expectancy reduces both inequality and poverty respectively in the long run. The role of crime appears to be insignificant in case of income inequality. The study suggests that government of Pakistan should formulate and implement pro poor policies and introduce reforms for providing health and educational facilitates. Furthermore, the introduction food subsidy to the poor will also be helpful in reducing the intensity of poverty and inequality in Pakistan.

The study explores the dynamic association of financial expansion in curbing inflation and thereby assessing the general economic welfare strategies employing data over 1974-2016 for Pakistan. Econometric sophistication rests in the employment of autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound test of co-integration with short run disequilibrium models. The outcome corroborates that inflation and financial development with other controlled variables are co-integrated. The findings also corroborate that broad money, domestic credit to private sector, government expenses, and personal remittances are crucial indicators of financial development and diversely linked with inflation over the period of analysis. Specifically, broad money and government expenses corroborate a long run impact on inflation conforming to the idea of quantity theory of money neutrality. Likewise, domestic credit has shown noteworthy but low positive drive to inflation in long time of span, albeit domestic credit has insignificantly linked to inflation for the short span of time. These findings inter alia imply for the promotion of sound domestic banking/financial sector for credit market and new strategies for controlling the broad money/government expenses to curb the unintended rampant level of inflation in Pakistan.

Indigenous and exotic honey bee species were evaluated for their hygienic behavior in the climatic condition of Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Colonies of equal strength from indigenous (Apis cerana) and exotic (Apis mellifera) species were selected for the study. The same colonies were tested in two seasons. Sealed brood were killed with different methods i.e pin killed and freeze killed. The uncapping of cells and brood removal was recorded at different intervals. Significant differences were recorded between hygienic behavior of both species of honey bees. Apis cerana showed significantly superior hygienic behavior than Apis mellifera in both seasons. At different intervals in both species significant differences were recorded. A significant difference was recorded after 12 and 24 hours between the species in both seasons. No significant differences were recorded after 48hours in both species. From the study it is concluded that indigenous honey bee species has superior hygienic behavior than exotic species.

It is often argued that foreign investors are reluctant to invest in a country having unstable political, social and economic conditions. Pakistan has been facing such instability, resulting deleterious repercussions for the economy. An upsurge in the frequency and scale of criminal activities in Pakistan may have ousted Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Keeping in view this fact, the present study is an effort to have an empirical insight. Time series data has been used from 1974 to 2011; Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model has been used for the estimation purposes. The results reveal negative and statistically significant impact of crimes on FDI in flows. As the regular manifestations of disorder in the shape of criminal activities create an unfavorable business climate which seriously grinds down the risk-averse foreign investor's confidence in the local investment climate and thereby dissuades FDI in Pakistan. Appropriate measures are needed to eliminate criminal activities in order to gain the confidence of foreign investor.

Acute shortage of energy sources in developing countries in
general and South Asian countries in particular has shown that energy
has become a binding input for any production process. Nowadays
operation of heavy machinery and electrical equipment, and
transportation of raw material and final products from their place of
origination to their destination require heavy consumption of energy in
one form or the other. Therefore, energy consumption that was previously
ignored in the production function of a firm and an economy is now
considered a vital input in production process. It affects GDP directly
as by increasing energy consumption; more output can be produced with
given stock of capital and labor force in a country. Also uninterrupted
availability of energy at reasonable cost improves competiveness of home
products in international markets and thus increases exports of home
country a great deal. Resulting increase in net exports further adds to
the GDP through multiplier effect