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"During the 20th century, Dai people lived a traditional farm life, away from industry and business. However, there is no evidence that they bore such fertility characteristics of rural society as pursing high birthrate or favoring more boys, either from historical population data of the early 20th century or census data of Dai Nationality since the late 20th century. As for the reasons, firstly, the Dai society in the 20th century was largely influenced by Buddhism. Dai people learned from Theravada Buddhist philosophy the values of "treating all beings as equal", "taking things as they are" and "keeping oneself from greedy", and developed their communal values of life on "equality", "mutual respect", "giving", "following nature", "self-discipline" and "indifference". Secondly, blessed with pleasant climate and rich land, Dai families could get bountiful returns with a few family members farming, so that they cared little about seeking material comforts, but paid more attention to pursing spiritual enjoyment. It is adequate material resources, Buddhist values and property system that made Dai people have the traditions of helping each other and respecting the old, and shaped their fertility concepts of "gender equality" and "more children, more bitter mothers", so they do not pursue a high birthrate or have a preference for boy babies. In other words, the traditionally low reproductive behavior of Dai people results from their excellent living environment, Buddhist concept on fertility and equal right of inheritance. Based on the analysis of the formation mechanism of traditionally low reproductive behavior of Dai people living in rural society, this book establishes an interpretative framework by adopting an anthropological concept, cultural relativism, and a psychological concept, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and gives a deep thinking about the diversity of human fertility behavior"--

International audience ; The paper considers the health damage effect attributed to energy consumption and local pollutant emissions, which has been long ignored because of cost. The study bases on national level and conducts a four-scenario analysis, including Reference Scenario (REF), Deep Decarbonization Pathway Scenario (DDP), End-of-Pipe Control Scenario (EPC), and Co-Control Scenario (COC). By applying China-MAPLE model and CV method, the study calculates the future emissions of air pollutants in China and its health damage. Results show that in COC scenario, the emissions of SO2, NOX and PM2.5 will drop to 1.76, 8.43 and 6.43 million tons respectively in 2030, and the economic losses caused by PM-SO2, PM-NOX and PM2.5 emissions are 0.159 %, 0.025% and 1.604% of China's 2010 GDP respectively, and in 2050, the proportions drop to 0.098%, 0.014% and 1.128%. The results provide a reference for the government to formulate policy.

PurposeThis study aims to examine the relationship between organizational capacity, slack resource, platform strategic choice and firm performance. It also tackles the endogenous issues regarding the strategic choice of platform types.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses Heckman's two-stage procedures to examine the relationship between the variables. The sample in this study comes from Compustat annual company and segment files. The sample used in the main analysis consists of 252 individual corporations globally and 3,528 firm-year observations from 2004–2017.FindingsThe empirical results suggest that: (1) firms are more likely to develop physical platforms than virtual platforms when they possess higher levels of available slack, potential slack, research and development (R&D) capacity and marketing capacity; (2) in general, firms developing physical platforms perform better than firms developing virtual platforms after the endogeneity bias are controlled; and (3) firms that choose to develop physical platforms perform better than if they had chosen to develop virtual platforms.Research limitations/implicationsThis study contributes to the platform research literature by proposing the endogenous role of platform type choice in firm performance in the context of the retail industry. Prior conceptual and theoretical platform studies have seldom focused on the retail industry through a strategic choice perspective. Furthermore, one of the contributions of this study is the derivation of empirical support for the research's prediction using data from actual firms carried out by global physical and virtual platform companies. This study also presents many opportunities for further explorations on the relationship between firm strategic choice and firm performance in the context of platform retail industry.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study suggest that firms must realize that their performance is not necessarily affected by these platform type choice determinants in terms of potential slack, available slack, R&D capacity and marketing capacity. By contrast, they should pay more attention to developing physical platforms if it is possible. The study findings indicate that although virtual platforms have grown rapidly because of the development of technology, firm performance is at all times superior when firms choose to develop physical platforms.Originality/valuePrior platform studies have focused on the topic of network structure, platform architecture, pricing strategy, platform leadership and platform design and governance within the context of video game industry, software industry, hardware industry and telecommunications industry. Seldom of them focus on other industries through a strategic choice perspective. Furthermore, one of the contributions of this study is the derivation of empirical support for the research's prediction using data from actual firms carried out by global physical and virtual platform companies.