Suchergebnisse

The largest war of modern times continues in Syria since 2011. Several quasi-states with different political status control its territory; as a result Syria ceased to exist as a unified state.The purpose of paper is to consider the process of the transformation of state to quasi-state onthe experience of contemporary Syria. The subject of research is a functional incapacity causingemergence a quasi-state. The article is based on the studies in the area of quasi-states, undertaken by experts in the field of political science, peace and security studies, modern history, as well as international legal documents and media reports on Syrian problem.The functional incapacity of Syrian regime was the prime internal factor, which facilitated the escalation of civil war in 2011, transformation of Syria into a quasi-state as well as development 104 of new quasi-states (ISIS, Rojava, political wing of Syrian opposition). A quasi state is a political entity, which presents itself as a state, but is not one in fact. A state, having suffered functional incapacity for a long time, becomes shiftless in crisis time, like Arab spring. In the case of Syria this led to civil war and partial collapse of the state. The main mistakes made by Assad regime in 2011 spring was inability to preserve the government's monopoly on violence, unwillingness to launch political reforms and tolerating internationalization of the conflict caused by weakness of Syrian authorities. Therefore, Syria consistently transformed into a quasi-state during 2011-2015. This process slowed down only after Russian intervention into war in October 2015, following which Assad forces improved their positions.Japanese and German economic miracles after WWII demonstrate that functional incapacity can be overcome by systematical program of reforms. If one or several of contemporary quasistates in Syria managed to win their functional incapacity, it would become legal successors of ante-bellum Syria either domestically or externally. This will manifest the transformation of Syria from a quasi-state back to a state. ; Функциональная недееспособность – это характеристика политического института, которая свидетельствует о том, что он неудовлетворительно выполняет возложенные на него задачи. Наличие такого признака у государства в течение длительного времени превращает его в квазигосударство – политическое образование, позиционирующее себя как государство, но на самом деле им не являющееся.Именно функциональная недееспособность стала главной внутренней причиной превращения Сирии в квазигосударство в течение гражданской войны, которая продолжается с 2011 года доныне. Правительство Сирии во главе с Б. Асадом допустило ряд ошибок, приведших к эскалации конфликта, большим человеческим жертвам и фактическому распаду страны на несколько квазигосударств. Преодоление функциональной недееспособности государственных институтов является необходимым условием для прекращения войны и вывода Сирии из разряда квазигосударств. ; Функціональна недієздатність як чинник перетворення держави на квазідержаву (на прикладі Сирії). Функціональна недієздатність – це характеристика політичного інституту, яка свідчить, що він незадовільно виконує покладені на нього завдання. Наявність такої ознаки у держави впродовж тривалого часу перетворює її на квазідержаву – політичне утворення, що позиціонує себе як державу, але насправді нею не є.Саме функціональна недієздатність стала головною внутрішньою причиною перетворення Сирії на квазідержаву впродовж громадянської війни, яка триває з 2011 року дотепер. Уряд Сирії на чолі з Б. Асадом допустив низку помилок, які призвели до ескалації конфлікту, великих людських жертв та фактичного розпаду країни на низку квазідержав. Подолання функціональної недієздатності державних інститутів є необхідною передумовою для припинення війни та виведення Сирії з розряду квазідержав.

The article analyzes some signs of the objective side of disobedience, namely the method of committing a crime, its consequences, as well as qualifying and especially qualifying signs. It is proved that the principle of unity of command of commanders permeates all spheres of military activity, allows the military organization of the state to ensure the defense capability of Ukraine. Disobedience is the crime that destroys military-service relations between the commander (chief) and subordinate, directly affects the combat effectiveness of a military unit and, therefore, has an increased degree of public danger. In the scientific literature there are views proving the increased public danger of an open refusal to comply with the order of the commander (chief), motivating this thesis that a soldier shows a greater degree of determination to violate his duties, a greater willpower, which has already passed a period of hesitation. According to the author, an open and public refusal to comply with the order of the chief is more socially dangerous than cases of other intentional failure to comply with the order. Disobedience not only threatens the combat effectiveness of a military unit, but also significantly affects the state of military law and order and discipline. We believe that the court in all cases of criminal proceedings on the fact of disobedience or other intentional non-execution of the order, pointing out the grave consequences, should reason its point of view. It is concluded that the disposition of Article 402 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine requires some improvements that are relevant to modern times. These improvements will help strengthen military discipline and the rule of law. Submitted suggestions by «delega ferende» that will correct significant legislative errors.

The article considers the problems of ensuring the authenticityof objects of expert examination, through the performance offorensic examination as an element of evidence. Specificrecommendations for legislative fixation of mandatoryphotographing of objects of expert research and their packaging, asin the production of expertise and investigative actions are proposed. ; В статье рассматриваются проблемы обеспечения подлинности объектов экспертного исследования через представление судебной экспертизы как одного из элементов системыдоказательств. Предложены отдельные рекомендации по законодательному закреплению обязательности фотосъемкиобъектов экспертного исследования и их упаковки как припроизводстве экспертизы, так и при производстве следственных действий.

MANY DECADES OF SUBMISSION TO AN AUTHORITARIAN ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM HAVE PROVED DISASTROUS FOR SOVIET SOCIETY AS A WHOLE, BUT THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR HAS SUFFERED EVEN MORE THAN MOST. UNDER PERESTROIKA, MANY STEPS HAVE BEEN TAKEN TO IMPROVE THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, BUT LITTLE PROGRESS HAS BEEN MADE. THEREFORE, THE PLENUM OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE SOVIET UNION HAS ADOPTED A PROFOUND CHANGE IN AGRICULTURAL POLICY THAT SHOULD RADICALLY TRANSFORM THE PRESENT SITUATION AND SET SOVIET AGRICULTURE ON A NEW COURSE AND A NEW LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT.

The socioeconomic status of the Soviet peasantry & the possibility of a transformation of the command economy & traditional barracks-like socialism into a market-type society are explored, based on empirical data on the rural population of the Altay region in Siberia. An analysis is also presented of the Soviet peasants' standard of living & social environment & the level of family economy development, correlated with social characteristics. It is concluded that the development of new entrepreneurship forms in the countryside is possible, & the potential social base & structure of such a new stratum are considered. It is cautioned that the social group that contains potential entrepreneurs is also the group that holds key positions in the local hierarchy & has a high standard of living; thus, this group is also interested in preserving its privileged position. 3 Tables, 3 Photographs. Modified AA

The agricultural sector of the Soviet economy has fared particularly badly. At the root of the problem is the alienation of the peasants from the land. Looks at key socio-economic features of the agricultural sector in Russia and the prospects for the development of entrepreneurial initiative. (SJK)

The article analyses the historical and philosophical views of Patriarch Kirill and his evaluation of modern Western philosophy, formed in the era of postmodernism. A distinctive feature of that time is the blurring of the criteria that define the border between good and evil. According to the Patriarch, this approach is caused by the absolutization of a person's freedom, considered beyond the context of one's responsibility for the actions performed. As a result, the philosophy of liberalism justifies the rejection of the Christian commandments, since they are claimed to suppress one's personal freedom. Thus, the Patriarch emphasizes the importance of preserving the "Christian dimension" of a person's behavior. The present work pays special attention to the Patriarch's conceptualization of the Russian philosophical tradition, which is views as an important means to preserve national identity. Representatives of the Russian religious renaissance (S. N. Bulgakov, N. A. Berdyaev, V. V. Zenkovsky and others), reflecting on the understanding of the Church, society, personality, were able to meet the challenges of the time and satisfy questioning believers. The article focuses on the Patriarch's ideas related to educational issues and reforms. It is posited that educational innovations should be based on Russian traditions, namely on the fundamentality of education. In this respect, it is essential to realize that when introducing the unified state examination procedure as a universal system of students' assessment, pedagogues need to amend educational plans in order to include the development of learners' fundamental skills and knowledge. The Patriarch is opposed to the technocratic approach to education because the goal of education is reduced only to the formation of the skills necessary for work. He agrees that school graduates should possess certain competences related to their career, but they should know Russian history, literature, and culture at a sufficient level. The Patriarch's aspiration to preserve the unity of education and upbringing as a unique feature of the Russian educational process is accentuated.

Theoretical modeling within LDA, GGA, and PBE approximations was herein performed to determine the electronic band structures of MgGeN2, MgSiN2, ZnGeN2, and ZnSiN2 nitride compounds and their optical properties. It is established that the compounds with germanium are direct-gap semiconductors with the band gap values of 3.0 eV (MgGeN2) and 1.7 eV (ZnGeN2), while the silicon-based compounds are indirect-gap semiconductors with the band gap values of 4.6 eV (MgSiN2) and 3.7 eV (ZnSiN2). Optical properties analysis showed the prospects of using MgGeN2 and ZnGeN2 in optoelectronics.

The article analyzes the political preferences of the medical intelligentsia during the revolution of 1917 and the first months of Soviet power. It is noted that most doctors were reserved about changing political regimes. On the example of the Urals, the author showed that among the many reasons that pushed physicians away from the Soviet government were the class approach to medicine by the Bolsheviks, their distrust of doctors, and the policy of the collapse of the empire. ; В статье проведен анализ политических предпочтений медицинской интеллигенции в ходе революции 1917 г. и первых месяцев советской власти. Отмечается, что большинство врачей сдержанно относилось к смене политических режимов. На примере Урала автор показал, что среди многих причин, которые оттолкнули медиков от советской власти, стали классовый подход к медицине со стороны большевиков, их недоверие к врачам, и политика развала империи.