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Introduction 1. Research methods: An overview2. The research steps3. Research ethics4. Defining and measuring concepts5. Sampling6. Collecting primary data: Survey research methods7. Collecting primary data: Experiment research methods8. Collecting primary data - Qualitative methods: Focus groups, observation, intensive interviews9. Data organization, report writing and presentation

This article outlines the visions of Tunisian and Indian dissident political thinkers and agronomists, 1950s–1980s, for decentralised food and farming systems using just technologies. Amidst ascendent US imperialism, these marginalised proposals opposed the Green Revolution model of agrarian development, illustrating broader postcolonial politics of defending political sovereignty and advancing to economic/technological sovereignty. Erasing these dissident voices enabled the legitimisation of the Green Revolution as an 'inevitable' way to ensure food security. We argue that recovering this intellectual history is critical to displace the techno-centric Green Revolution narrative, and to inform and support struggles for ecologically attuned alternatives that foreground agroecology. RÉSUMÉ Dans cet article, nous étudions les projets de systèmes de décentralisation alimentaire et agraire fondés exclusivement sur la technologie, conçus par les penseurs politiques et agronomes Tunisiens et Indiens dissidents des années 1950-1980. Dans un contexte d'impérialisme américain grandissant, ces modèles marginaux s'opposent au modèle de développement agraire de la Révolution Verte, illustrant des politiques postcoloniales plus générales de défense de la souveraineté politique et d'avancement de la souveraineté économique et technologique. La censure de ces voix dissidentes a facilité la légitimation de la Révolution Verte comme l'unique d'assurer la sécurité alimentaire. Nous affirmons la nécessité absolue de rendre sa place à cette histoire intellectuelle pour remettre en cause la représentation techno-centrée de la Révolution Verte, et pour informer et soutenir la recherche d'alternatives plus axées sur l'écologie et recentrant l'agroécologie.

The article reflects on the experience of researchers at the Institute of Social Studies Trust (ISST) with evaluation of gender-sensitive/women-oriented development projects. It argues that participatory methods allow for constructive evaluation, based on adequate contextualisation and tracing of unintended consequences, and enhances use of findings. It also assesses the role of the evaluator in such a process.

This article argues that to understand the conditions that enable effective participation by women in politics, analysis is needed not just of the characteristics and performance of elected women leaders but also the extent to which village communities are engaged through collective processes, in demanding accountability from those elected. The article presents the experiences of a women's movement in the Uttarakhand that has evolved from a programme of environmental education in the region. Over the years, this movement has developed a strong political consciousness. Women's participation in Whole Village Groups has paved the way for active engagement with local governance institutions. The article concludes that by enabling collective spaces, reinforcing norms of equality and inclusiveness through debate and negotiation, building networks across villages and supporting each other through conflicts and confrontation, the organisations concerned have demonstrated that processes of collective empowerment can lead to effective political participation. (IDS Bull/GIGA)

In point of view global warming and pandemic threats, social ecology and balance is inevitable demand of time to ensure sustainable progress and development. In India and Globe, Agriculture and Farming Process is being revolutionized with Technology and it has helped saving plants from many problems. The growing use of technology will not only ensure food safety in African and Arabian continents but also we may extend the researches to quality of nutritious element to plant leaves. In the presented content, this has been achieved by use of ML and Image Processing and to understand their texture and patterns. It will also help to identify any mal-effects of pollution, bacteria or fungus which damages the plant leaves. Different Image Processing steps have been applied to refine the digital data. The manuscript serves as an effort to establish an accurate technical process with help of SVM on various available refined plant data-sets and supports use of technology in this promising field. This may prove as a great help to entire mankind.