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Based on five years of archival research, this book offers a radical reinterpretation of Britain and Spain's relationship during the growth, apogee and decline of the British Empire. It shows that from the early nineteenth century Britain turned Spain into an 'informal' colony, using its economic and military dominance to achieve its strategic and economic ends. Britain's free trade campaign, which aimed to tear down the legal barriers to its explosive trade and investment expansion, undermined Spain's attempts to achieve industrial take-off, demonstrating that the relationship between the two countries was imperial in nature, and not simply one of unequal national power. Exploring five key moments of crisis in their relations, from the First Carlist War in the 1830s to the Second World War, the author analyses Britain's use of military force in achieving its goals, and the consequences that this had for economic and political policy-making in Spain. Ultimately, the Anglo-Spanish relationship was an early example of the interaction between industrial power and colonies, formal and informal, that characterised the post-World War Two period. An insightful read for anyone researching the British Empire and its colonies, this book offers an innovative perspective by closely examining the volatile relationship between two European powers.

Dedication -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: "My Wishes Are That a Lawyer Respect the Court": Initial Representation of the Trial and the Lawyers' Arrest -- Introduction -- The Initial New York Times Framing of the Chicago Conspiracy Trial -- How Did the Lawyers' Arrest Come About? -- The New York Times' Representation of the Lawyers' Arrest -- Comparison of the New York Times' Coverage with That of the Washington Post -- Conclusion -- Chapter 3: "The Orderly Administration of Justice": The Chaining and Gagging of Defendant Bobby Seale

In the decade before the First World War, Spain failed in its attempt to establish an independent role in the fierce competition between the French, British and German Empires for influence in the Western Mediterranean. The exercise of informal power by France and Britain forced Spain's Restoration elites to conform to British and French imperial interests in France's colonization of Morocco. The article suggests Spain's governing parties were unable to manage the essential mediating role for collaborating elites in informal empires, as defined by Ronald Robinson, between the demands of the imperial powers and the political pressures arising from changing social forces within the country. Spain's dilemma was an early example of the conflict that faced many newly independent colonies later in the twentieth century: how to reconcile the growing aspirations for national self-determination in a world dominated by competing imperial powers, themselves increasingly facing internal contradictions and crises.

Detrás de los debates altamente políticos sobre la modernización económica española en los siglos XIX y XX, subyacen distintos presupuestos ideológicos de la naturaleza de sociedad. Este ensayo explora el desarrollo de las políticas de intervención económica en España y las alianzas opuestas e inestable que las sustentaban a través de una revisión del pensamiento de cinco figuras clave que resumen en sí misma las distintas etapas del largo camino español que va desde el liberalismo laissez-faire hasta la autarquía de Franco. Se concluye que las presiones económicas e ideológicas externas jugaron un papel crucial en la conformación este amplio debate ; Behind the intensely political debates over the economic modernisation of Spain in the nineteenth century lay fundamentally different ideological assumptions about the nature of society. This paper explores the development of economic intervention policies and the conflicting and unstable alliances that underpinned them by examining the thinking of five key figures who encapsulated the different phases of Spain's long path from laissez-faire liberalism to Francoist autarky. It concludes that the external economic and ideological pressures played a crucial role in shaping the long debate

Detrás de los debates altamente políticos sobre la modernización económica española en los siglos XIX y XX, subyacen distintos presupuestos ideológicos de la naturaleza de sociedad. Este ensayo explora el desarrollo de las políticas de intervención económica en España y las alianzas opuestas e inestable que las sustentaban a través de una revisión del pensamiento de cinco figuras clave que resumen en sí misma las distintas etapas del largo camino español que va desde el liberalismo laissez-faire hasta la autarquía de Franco. Se concluye que las presiones económicas e ideológicas externas jugaron un papel crucial en la conformación este amplio debate.Palabras clave: Modernización económica de España; Ideología política; Políticas de intervención; Comercio libreAbstract:Behind the intensely political debates over the economic modernisation of Spain in the nineteenth century lay fundamentally different ideological assumptions about the nature of society. This paper explores the development of economic intervention policies and the conflicting and unstable alliances that underpinned them by examining the thinking of five key figures who encapsulated the different phases of Spain's long path from laissez-faire liberalism to Francoist autarky. It concludes that the external economic and ideological pressures played a crucial role in shaping the long debate. Keywords: Spain's economic modernisation; Ideology; Intervention policies; Free Trade