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Reviews James Ferguson, 'Expectations of modernity: myths and meanings of urban life on the Zambian Copperbelt'. (University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 1999). Ferguson starts with an account of the rise of the mining industry and the growth of towns on the Zambian Copperbelt, and sets out the kind of research that was done on urbanisation in this period. The boom period in the copper industry lasted through the first decade of Zambia's independence, enabling the new state to embark on various projects of modernisation and nation building. But in the 1970s, the terms of trade for copper exports declined, leading to growing national debt and the imposition of structural adjustment in the 1980s. The effects on the residents of the Copperbelt towns have been dramatic and disastrous. The book is an attempt to understand these effects. (Quotes from original text)

Review some of the forces that are pushing South African society and the state towards acceptance of a formalistic definition of non-racialism. Calls for sensitive understanding of current manifestations of sub-national exclusivity along racial or other ostensibly primordial lines. (Original abstract - amended)

With over twenty different official regulatory statements worldwide on Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) for pharmaceutical, drug, or medicinal products, two stand out as being the most influential and most frequently referenced. Bridging the gap between U.S. regulations and European Good Manufacturing Practice guidelines, Good Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Practice: Rationale and Compliance gleans the most important substance from the U.S. Current Good Manufacturing Practice, parts 210 and 211 (US cGMPs, 2002) and the European Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products for Hu

Because copyright law is meant to protect creativity, there must be a means by which the U.S. government can offer some guarantee to the creators of a reality show that their creative output will be guarded against copying which diminishes the show's value. Therefore, this note seeks to answer the question: "what can we do to provide a reasonable level of protection against infringement to the creators of a new concept for a reality show?" Part I of this note provides a brief overview of the law regarding copyright infringement with particular emphasis on the unique protection afforded a compilation of ideas. Also discussed is the concept of substantial similarity and the test used to determine copyright infringement. Part II focuses on recent cases involving copyright infringement and reality shows and how the substantial similarity test has been applied to the genre. Part III explains why the unique nature of reality shows causes the courts to apply the substantial similarity test improperly. Part IV sets forth a process by which the unique fingerprint of a reality show--in essence a compilation of ideas and expressions--is identified and applied to the tests for substantial similarity.

For linear programming models the effects of income taxes on the optimal activity levels and the optimal values of the dual variables are considered. Neither a fixed percentage tax nor a progressive tax, based on the net pretax contribution, changes the optimal activity levels. However, the optimal dual variables are changed in value, proportional to the highest tax rate actually in effect.

The central aim of this paper is to link the competitive performance of small defence firms to their ability to adapt to changes in the Ministry of Defence procurement process favouring more European collaboration. The paper draws upon an extensive research study focused on small, high technology defence firms in the UK. The empirical analysis on the ability to create and sustain competitive advantages focuses on strategic determinants, and those inter‐organisational variables that influence the performance of small firms in tendering for defence sub‐contracts on major European offset programmes. The theoretical underpinnings of the study are based on a strategic positioning approach to bidding, which is underpinned by the positioning school of strategy that grew out of Porter's conceptual work on competition, a major theme of which is the proposed relationship between industry structure, strategy and performance. The authors' methodology was to use percentage success rate as a measure of success for the period 1998 through to mid‐1999.

AbstractA modified generalized programming procedure is presented for solving concave programming problems with equality constraints. The procedure constructs convenient linear approximations of the gradient of the dual and finds points where the approximating functions vanish. In the quadratic programming case, the procedure is finitely convergent. Global convergence is established for the non‐quadratic case. Illustrative numerical examples are included.

The image of Scottish National Party (SNP) leader Alex Salmond unfurling the Scottish Saltire behind the bemused UK Prime Minister, David Cameron, moments after Andy Murray won the Wimbledon tennis tournament in July 2013, has come to epitomize the nature of debate around the implications of the Independence Referendum outside of Scotland. Mainstream coverage has rendered "IndyRef" as something of a pantomime politics performed by Salmond and Cameron. The debate has been reduced to a competition between Salmond's idealistic political nationalism and the economic "realities" presented by Cameron, rendered as a chant: "We can afford independence, we will be one of the world's wealthiest countries" versus the response, "Oh no you can't"! In Scotland, on the other hand, debates around the implications of the referendum have gone beyond romanticized notions of tartan, Braveheart and freedom (although these do still exist, of course). Although the political parties themselves have perhaps been rather conservative, debates beyond their official efforts have been much more imaginative, with discussion around the nature of the state, citizenship, and Scotland's role on the international stage, among other issues.

Infections carried in milk, particularly salmonellosis and campylobacter enteritis, have continued to feature in Great Britain in recent years. Less commonly reported infections included an outbreak in 1984 in England due to Streptococcus zooepidemicus, in which 12 people, eight of whom died, were admitted to hospital. The implementation of legislation in 1983 requiring heat treatment of cows' milk for sale to the public reduced the incidence of milkborne infection in Scotland compared with previous years and compared with England and Wales, where, without legislative control, outbreaks continue to occur. Until compulsory pasteurisation is introduced throughout Britain and dairy farming communities can be persuaded to drink only heat treated milk outbreaks of milkborne infection will continue.