Suchergebnisse

Bidders' bidding behavior is analyzed in first price sealed-bid (FPSB) auctions using an adversarial risk analysis (ARA) framework. However, using nonstrategic play and level-k thinking solution concepts, modeling is performed by assuming only two bidders. Also, the aleatory and concept uncertainties have not been yet taken into account by using an ARA framework for these auctions. In this paper, we apply an ARA approach to model bidders' bidding behavior in a more realistic way for FPSB auctions. We assume n bidders that may have different wealth and heterogeneous risk behaviors. We use nonstrategic play and level-k thinking solution concepts, and we take into account aleatory uncertainty in addition to epistemic uncertainty. Finally, concept uncertainty is taken into account to find ARA solutions for these auctions. We also provide numerical examples to illustrate our methodology.

The crime rate in Pakistan has increased severely within the last decade. It may be because of high unemployment, increasing poverty, income, rising inflation and urbanized setups. Few noneconomic constraints are also responsible for it. The study has been made with reference to Women Jail Multan. The 70 female prisoners are selected via a random sampling method. The data are collected by interviewing them. The study has used the type of crime as the dependent variable. Purely crime-related variables and socio-economic factors of crime have been used as explanatory variables. Both purely crime-related variables and socio-economic variables have found effect size with the type of crime.

The concept of endogenous growth states that economic growth is caused by variables within the economy rather than external ones. This study's major goal is to demonstrate the link between education, human capital, and endogenous growth in Pakistan. For the period 1990–2021, time series data is used. The stationary is confirmed using the augmented dickey fuller (ADF) method. In this research, the non linear autoregressive distributed lag model (NARDL) technique is employed for the empirical analysis. Gross domestic product (GDP), education enrolment, human capital, inflation, trade, and gross fixed capital formation are the factors examined in this study. In the current research, gross domestic product, education enrollment, and human capital are dependent variables, while inflation, trade, gross fixed capital formation and education enrollment are independent variables. Inflation shows an inverse relationship with the gross domestic product, while trade and education enrollment show a positive relationship with the gross domestic product. Gross fixed capital formation shows an inverse relationship with human capital, while education enrollment and inflation also show a negative relationship with human capital. Gross fixed capital formation and trade show a positive impact on education enrollment, while inflation shows a negative impact on education enrollment. It is recommended that the government should decrease inflation to increase gross domestic product (GDP). This study suggests that education enrollment (EDUENROLL), trade (TRADE), and gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) also increase.