Suchergebnisse

This work investigates inequality and social exclusion on contemporary Chinese society, specifically in the context of urbanization, migration and crime. Economic reforms started in the late 1970s (post-Mao) fuelled a trend of urbanization and mass migration within China, largely from rural areas to more economically developed urban regions. With this migration, came new challenges in a rapidly changing society. Researchers have extensively studied the rural-to-urban human movement, social changes, inequality and its impact on individuals and society as a whole. This volume provides a new perspective on this issue. It forges a link between internal migration, inequality, social exclusion and crime in the context of China, through qualitative research into the impact of this phenomenon on individuals' lives. Using a series of case studies drawn from interviews with inmates - men and women - in a large Chinese prison, it focuses on migrant offenders' subjective experiences, and analyses issues from the rarely-heard perspectives of migrant lawbreakers themselves. The research demonstrates how factors - including: the hukou system, rural-urban, class and gender inequalities, prejudices against rural migrants, and other structural problems - often lead to migrant offending. The author argues that to mitigate the effects of criminalisation, the root causes of these problems should be examined, emphasizing radical reforms to the hukou policy, cultural change in urban society to welcome newcomers, positive programs to integrate migrant workers into urban societies and improve their opportunities, rather than inflicting harsher penalties or reducing migration. While the research is based in China, it has clear implications for other regions of the world, which are experiencing similar tensions related to national and international migration. This work will be of interest to researchers in criminology and criminal justice, particularly with an interest in Asia, as well as those in related fields such as sociology, law and social justice.--

Preface -- Reference -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- Women in Contemporary China -- Women and the Judiciary -- Research into Women in the Chinese Judiciary -- Aims of Study, Research Questions, and Organisation of the Book -- References -- 2 Researching Judges in China -- The Issue of Access -- Research Methods and Data -- Interviewing Judges -- Further Methods and Data -- Making International Comparisons -- Limitations of This Study -- A Reflection on the Research Process -- References -- 3 The Chinese Judiciary and Its Gendered Construction -- The Chinese Judicial System and Practice -- The Judicial System -- Judges -- Judicial Practices -- Cultural Traditions and Social Practices, Legal Culture and the Political-Legal Reality -- Confucian Influences on Law and Legal Practices in China -- Social Practices and Legal Culture in China -- The Political and Legal Reality and Judicial Policy -- The Make-up of the Chinese Judiciary -- Women Judges and Their Work in Court -- Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Female Judges: The Interview Results -- Judges' Work in Court: A Gendered Perception -- Judicial Work -- Extra-Curricular Activities -- Everyday Concerns of Women Judges in Court -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 Women in the Judiciary -- Entry into the Judiciary and Career Paths -- Getting into Office: Aspiration, Recruitment and Training -- Aspirations of Women Who Chose to Be Judges -- The Recruitment Process: Implications for Women -- Training for Judges -- Career Paths and Promotion -- Career Structure and Career Paths for Women Judges -- Female Judges' Journey to the Top -- Women's Position in the Judiciary -- Female Judges' Roles and Positions in Court -- Gendered Problems of Women in the Judiciary -- Sense of Purpose and Job Satisfaction -- Conclusion -- References

From the 1960s onwards, there has been an explosion of theory and research relating to gender, crime and justice in the West. However, very little is known about female criminality in contemporary China. Through an empirical inquiry into three categories of offending women, this book explores the socioeconomic conditions that facilitate womens' pathways into crime, and examines the interplay between gender, class, rapid social changes and female law-breaking in neoliberal China

Through an empirical inquiry into three categories of offending women, Offending Women in Contemporary China: Gender and Pathways into Crime explores the socioeconomic conditions that facilitate womens' pathways into crime, and examines the interplay between gender, class, rapid social changes and female law-breaking in neoliberal China.

This article focuses on wine counterfeiting and the policing of fake wines in mainland China. Relying on rich data drawn from published materials and open sources, it discusses three important themes in relation to product counterfeiting: the definitional issue; the scope, scale and organisation of the counterfeiting business; and law enforcement against product piracy. The aim is to broaden our knowledge about the counterfeiting trade, to develop a clear understanding of the illegitimate market, and to help to renew countermeasures that not only enable the exercising of tighter control over the counterfeiting industry but also disrupt the illegal behaviours of counterfeiters. Rather than place emphasis on the protection of intellectual property rights, this article stresses public health concerns with regard to dangerous counterfeit goods such as fake wines. Examining wine counterfeiting within the existing analytical framework of organised crime research, this article contributes to analysis of the nature of product counterfeiting and the issue of policing counterfeit goods.

Despite governmental and cultural differences, many jurisdictions are experiencing common tensions between care and control within juvenile justice. The study-work school is an early intervention measure in China aiming at child protection and crime prevention. Relying on empirical data, this article seeks to explore some characteristics of the study-work school, the role it plays and the challenges facing it. It is hoped that the findings here will inform local policy and practice, make contributions to the increasing international body of literature on comparative juvenile justice studies and help a better understanding of the implementation of global policy in local settings.

This paper discusses women's involvement in sex work management – an offence defined under Section 358 of the 1997 Chinese Criminal Law and one of the re-emerged areas of illegality following the economic reforms since 1978. It firstly provides the historical context, legislative background and relevant sections of the Chinese vice laws so as to help make sense of the data obtained. Then it discusses the methodological issues before presenting the empirical findings to explore the socio-demographic profile of the incarcerated female sex work organisers participated in this study and their motivations for organising others for prostitution. Based on empirical data, this article explores the impact of social conditions on female offenders in China's reform era and also the effects of the anti-prostitution policy in the country. Moreover, through a Chinese case study, it makes contributions to broader scholarship on the sex trade regulation. It concludes with a couple of implications for policy and practice.

With a comparative lens, this article explores the trajectory of women's advancement in policing in China and the United States (US), two major countries, one in the Global South and the other in the Northern part of the world. The article describes the rich history of women police in the US and China and compares the development of women policing in these two jurisdictions, which are sharply contrasting in many respects. Starting from the model of women's stage-by-stage integration into policing developed in the Northern contexts, we examine women's evolution in police and their local conditions in the two systems. Framed in Southern Criminology and Southern Theory, we conclude that the US model of sexual integration does not apply to China, where traditional cultural norms continue to reinforce women's gendered roles in policing. More generally, the progress of women is unlikely, nor necessary, to share the same trajectory everywhere.

The books examines the financial and business structures of the counterfeiting business and considers how the internet and e-commerce present financial opportunities for counterfeiters. It explores 'organised crime' and criminal markets, digital technologies and cultural values and practices.

This study explores the history of the illegal production, distribution, and smuggling of cigarettes in mainland China. Data were obtained from a content analysis of 931 media reports retrieved from LexisNexis for the time period 1975 until 2010, and from other open sources. The illegal cigarette trade first emerged in the form of violations of state tobacco monopoly regulations. In the course of the restructuring of the legal tobacco sector, which occurred under external political pressure to open the Chinese market to foreign competition, an illegal cigarette industry emerged which at first primarily produced fake Chinese brand cigarettes for the domestic black market. At the same time, China became a destination country for smuggled genuine Western brand cigarettes. It was only after effective crackdowns against cigarette smuggling and domestic distribution channels in the late 1990s that the Chinese illegal cigarette industry shifted to exporting large numbers of counterfeit Western brand cigarettes to black markets abroad. China's current role as a leading supplier of counterfeit cigarettes is a result of the contradictions of the economic reform process and of external licit and illicit forces that worked toward opening up the Chinese tobacco sector to the outside world.

The books examines the financial and business structures of the counterfeiting business and considers how the internet and e-commerce present financial opportunities for counterfeiters. It explores 'organised crime' and criminal markets, digital technologies and cultural values and practices