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Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are frequently present in municipal drinking water and building plumbing, and some are believed to cause respiratory tract infections through inhalation of NTM-containing aerosols generated during showering. However, the present understanding of NTM transfer from water to air is insufficient to develop NTM risk mitigation strategies. This study aimed to characterize the contribution of shower water to the abundance of viable NTM in indoor air. Shower water and indoor air samples were collected, and 16S rRNA and rpoB genes were sequenced. The sequencing results showed that running the shower impacted the bacterial community structure and NTM species composition in indoor air by transferring certain bacteria from water to air. A mass balance model combined with NTM quantification results revealed that on average 1/132 and 1/254 of NTM cells in water were transferred to air during 1 hour of showering using a rain and massage showerhead, respectively. A large fraction of the bacteria transferred from water to air were membrane-damaged, i.e. they had compromised membranes based on analysis by live/dead staining and flow cytometry. However, the damaged NTM in air were recoverable as shown by growth in a culture medium mimicking the respiratory secretions of people with cystic fibrosis, implying a potential infection risk by NTM introduced to indoor air during shower running. Among the recovered NTM, Mycobacterium mucogenicum was the dominant species as determined by rpoB gene sequencing. Overall, this study lays the groundwork for future pathogen risk management and public health protection in the built environment.

Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- PART I the african and asian diasporas in the west: 1800-1950 -- Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen: The Roots to the Black-Asian Conflict -- Chinese Freedom Fighters in Cuba: From Bondage to Liberation, 1847-1898 -- Seoul City Sue and the Bugout Blues: Black American Narratives of the Forgotten War -- PART II from bandung to the black panthers: national liberation, the third world, mao, and malcolm -- Statement Supporting the Afro-American in Their Just Struggle Against Racial Discrimination by U.S. Imperialism, August 8, 1963 -- Statement by Mao Tse-Tung, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, in Support of the Afro-American Struggle Against Violent Repression, April 16, 1968 -- Black Like Mao: Red China and Black Revolution -- The Inspiration of Mao and the Chinese Revolution on the Black Liberation Movement and the Asian Movement on the East Coast -- The Black Liberation Movement and Japanese American Activism: The Radical Activism of Richard Aoki and Yuri Kochiyama -- Why Do We Lie about Telling the Truth? -- PART III afro/asian arts: catalysts, collaborations, and the coltrane aesthetic -- The Yellow and the Black -- Not Just a ''Special Issue'': Gender, Sexuality, and Post-1965 Afro Asian Coalition Building in the Yardbird Reader and This Bridge Called My Back -- Bill Cole: African American Musician of the Asian Double Reeds -- Martial Arts Is Nothing if Not Cool: Speculations on the Intersection between Martial Arts and African American Expressive Culture -- The American Drum Set: Black Musicians and Chinese Opera along the Mississippi River -- Is Kung Fu Racist? -- Yellow Lines: Asian Americans and Hip Hop -- PART IV afro/asia expressive writing -- Secret Colors and the Possibilities of Coalition: An African American-Asian American Collaboration -- We Don't Stand a Chinaman's Chance Unless We Create a Revolution -- El Chino -- Samchun in the Grocery Store -- Self-Rebolusyon, April 1998 -- Chyna and Me -- All That -- Contributors -- Index