Suchergebnisse

A historical review reveals that the convergence of science & government led to a perception of omnipotent governments. Here, it is suggested that epistemological underpinnings about the validity of scientific truth & problems with government legitimacy are eroding assumptions about government power. The capability of the social sciences to assist governments in improving social conditions is examined in the context of specific social problems such as improved race relations. It is concluded that limits on knowledge & a gap between theory & practice will always hinder governments in implementing their policies. L. Baker

In only about 33.3% of the new states are opposition parties regarded as constitutionally legitimate, but none of these states is immune from oppositional activity, often appearing after it has been legally abolished & its existence implicitly denied. What is interesting is that in so many states in which the rulers strive for modernity & for progressive & diff'iated societies, they should be so intolerant of opposition, & esp of open opposition in the form of constitutional parties, contending & criticizing in public. It is possible to isolate certain factors which when present in whole or part indicate toleration or opposition. The attitude of dominant parties towards opposition, the mode of action of opposition parties, the effectiveness of opposition parties, `closed opposition' (opposition outside opposition parties & the instit's of public liberty), & the functions of opposition & their performance in new states with regimes of closed opposition, are examined in turn. IPSA.

Econ development in the West proceeded, until the latter part of the 19th cent, without the aid of intellectuals. A tradition of inventive & artful craftsmanship, & indomitable ambition & resourcefulness among businessmen constituted the source of most of the innovations which provided the basis of technical progress. The situation of the newly emerging countries is very diff. Their craftsmen, however,' skillful, work within definite & restrictive traditions; & their businessmen are drawn rather to commerce & financee than to the technical aspect of industrialization. Moreover, the ruling groups in these countries are not inclined to entrust much responsibility to private business. The alternative source of personnel for industrial progress therefore, must necessarily be the intellectuals: sci'ts, econ'ts & engineers. Unfortunately the most capable & best trained specialists tend to enter gov service, where they find greater prestige & higher salaries than in private employment. The result is that with a limited number of honorable exceptions, academic res & journalism are left to second-rate people, & fail to fulfil their necessary function of providing independent ideas & constructive criticism of gov policy in the econ field. The weakness of the press is further explained by the lack of interest in concrete facts characteristic of many Asiatic cultures, & by the financial dependence of the newspapers on the gov. IPSA.

Les sciences de la politique aux États-Unis, par H. D. Lasswell.--La personne humaine, sujet et objet des sciences sociales, par E. R. Hilgard et D. Lerner.--L'étude du groupe élémentaire, par E. A. Shils.--L'étude du caractère national, par M. Mead--Le concept de culture, par C. Kluckhohn.--La méthode d'enquête par interview d'un échantillon de population, par R. Likert.--Réseaux de communications au sein de groupes placés dans les conditions expérimentales de travail, par A. Bavelas.--Utilisation des modèles mathématiques dans les sciences sociales, par K. J. Arrow.--Le "social scientist" en Amérique, par R. K. Merton et D. Lerner