Suchergebnisse

AbstractThe 'infrastructural turn' in labour migration studies has shifted attention away from the experiences of migrants to the role of public authorities and private actors in facilitating migrant mobilities. As part of a broader turn towards studying transnational mobilities rather than immigration and settlement, this research shows that the formalization of transnational labour migration has made mobility both freer and more difficult. In this article, I reinterpret mobility infrastructures from a market sociological perspective. Transnational labour migration, I argue, is more clearly conceptualized as the organized 'making' of cross‐border labour markets. Moreover, from a market sociological perspective the construction of cross‐border labour exchanges is at the same time a question of how the uncertainties inherent in market exchanges are coordinated by market actors. In its focus on how exchanges across borders are possible at all, a market sociological perspective makes note of the conflicting interests, power imbalances and uncertainties that must be handled for a social order of transnational migration markets to emerge. An important question concerns whether alternatives to the less regulated neo‐liberal market order that is evident in most migration corridors are possible and under what conditions. With reference to the challenges facing the regulation of cross‐border labour markets, in my conclusion, I map an agenda for future research.

Dans cet article, l'auteur défend l'idée selon laquelle le changement dans l'organisation du travail est un processus essentiellement politique de négociations entre les travailleurs et le management, changement qui prend des formes différentes en fonction des contextes nationaux de relations industrielles. De même, les effets rétroactifs de ces changements sur les contextes seront eux aussi différenciés. La stratégie de recherche allie aussi bien le niveau national que le niveau local : d'une part, l'analyse des contextes nationaux d'organisation du travail et, d'autre part, des études de cas des filiales de General Motors, en Autriche et en Allemagne à l'occasion de la négociation de l'introduction d'une organisation de la production par équipe.

Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der Frage, ob der liberale Arbeitsmarkt Amerikas Frauen nicht nur eine Erwerbsbeteiligung ermöglicht (oder sie sogar erzwingt), sondern ihnen auch dadurch bessere Chancen bietet, sich im Erwerbsleben auf gleicher Stufe mit Männern zu integrieren. Wie sieht die Integration von Frauen im Erwerbsleben in Amerika im Vergleich zu Deutschland aus? Verursacht die Liberalisierung die länderbezogenen Unterschiede in der Chancengleichheit für Frauen? Welche Qualität hat das Erwerbsleben von Frauen in einer weitgehend liberalisierten Marktwirtschaft? Ist der amerikanische Arbeitsmarkt hinsichtlich der Gleichstellung von Mann und Frau als eine Endstation, als ein non plus ultra zu betrachten? Vor dem Hintergrund statistischen Datenmaterials zur Frauenbeschäftigung in Amerika und Deutschland für den Zeitraum 1990 bis 2005 werden insbesondere zwei Aspekte diskutiert: (1) deregulierte Arbeitsbeziehungen und regulierte Chancengleichheit sowie (2) die Dominanz der Arbeit über das Leben. Amerika ist zweifellos ein Vorbild, wenn man die vier Jahrzehnte Erfahrung mit der Regulierung von Chancengleichheit in der Privatwirtschaft in Betracht zieht. Durch diese Regulierungen haben amerikanische Frauen sich im Erwerbsleben weitgehend integriert - mit allen Nachteilen des amerikanischen Arbeitslebens. Die liberalisierten Arbeitsverhältnisse sowie die fehlenden gesetzlichen und tarifvertraglichen Regulierungen der Arbeitsbedingungen konfrontieren Frauen wie Männer mit der Notwendigkeit, ihre Erwerbstätigkeit vorrangig über andere Lebenssphären und Lebensziele zu setzen. Was die Gleichheit den Frauen an Chancen eröffnet, wird durch die liberalisierten Arbeitsverhältnisse in nicht unbeträchtlichem Maße wieder verloren. Die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf bleibt trotz familienfreundlicher Personalpolitik unerreichbar. Liberalisierte Arbeitsverhältnisse vergrößern aber auch die soziale Distanz zwischen qualifizierten Bereichen des Arbeitsmarktes und prekären Beschäftigungsformen im Niedriglohnbereich. In dieser Hinsicht ist Amerika alles andere als ein Vorbild. (ICG2)

Abstract  The Japanese term, shakaijin, refers to becoming a social adult, and locates the transition to adulthood in leaving school/university and entering an employment relation. In this paper we explore the role of company socialization in producing social adults. Company socialization is explored through a case study of a securities company, and an additional study of a large bank. New employee training programs are a central socializing event, and bridge the transition from school/university‐to‐work. In this study, events prior to and subsequent to new employee training arc also shown to play key roles in company socialization. Recruitment practices socialize as well as screen job applicants. Regular personal assessments continue socialization throughout the working life cycle. Based on the analyses of socialization in recruitment, training and assessment, two aspects of company socialization in Japan are emphasized. First, company socialization involves gender socialization. Male employees are the main subjects of company socialization, and their induction to social adulthood seeks to generate commitment and social integration to company life. Social adulthood of female employees is defined in connection with future familial roles rather than commitment to work. Second, the meaning of social adulthood for men is fused with acceptance of management goals. Company socialization attempts to align individual attitudes and behaviors with company goals.

Available open access digitally under CC-BY-NC-ND license. This book offers a theory of trafficking and modern slavery with implications for policy. Despite economic development, modern slavery persists all around the world. The issue is not only one of crime but the regulation of the economy, better welfare, and social protections. Going beyond polarized debates on the sex trade, an original empirical analysis shows the importance of profit-taking. Although individual experience matters, the root causes lie in intersecting regimes of inequality of gender regimes, capitalism, and the legacies of colonialism. This book shows the importance of coercion and the societal complexities that perpetuate modern slavery.

Economic globalization, welfare state transformation as well as political and social change on national and supranational level impact on national labor markets in advanced societies in complex ways. From a gender perspective, these dynamics of change entail deregulation as well as re-regulation of employment systems and at the same time are triggered by shifts in gender relations. Addressing this complexity poses challenges to scholarly research comparing employment systems and systemizing cross-national variations of labor market regimes which tend to neglect gender relations as a relevant factor of change. This context sets the framework for our question on how ongoing changes in employment systems and in gender relations are taken up in recent scholarship. We focus on three approaches prominent in the mainstream scholarly debate which address the current state of employment systems in advanced economies in comparative perspective spanning from political economy to micro economics and economic sociology, namely the Varieties of Capitalism (VOC) approach (Hall/Soskice 2001), Marsden's micro-economic theory of employment systems (1999) and Fligstein's work 'The architecture of markets' (2001). The approaches differ in the assignment of agency (to firms, employees and the state) as well as in the assessment of the role of educational institutions for shaping employment systems. They thus dispose of different pitfalls and potentials for analyzing the gendered character of change of employment systems.