Suchergebnisse

The cities of Asia and the Pacific are at the epicentre of development in what is arguably, the most populous, culturally distinctive, and economically powerful region in the world. 16 major cities such as Tokyo, Shanghai, Manila, Jakarta, Bangkok, Singapore, Auckland, Kuala Lumpur and Santiago, located in countries as diverse as Mexico and Vietnam, Samoa and India, China and Australia, exemplify the changing patterns of development across this vast region of the world.By tracking economic and social trends the contributors to this collection reveal how a wide range of political and.

State-of-the-art halide perovskite solar cells employ semiconductor oxides as electron transport materials. Defects in these oxides, such as oxygen vacancies (Ovac), act as recombination centres and, in air and UV light, reduce the stability of the solar cell. Under the same conditions, the PbZrTiO3 ferroelectric oxide employs Ovac for the creation of defect-dipoles responsible for photo-carrier separation and current transport, evading device degradation. We report the application of PbZrTiO3 as the electron extraction material in triple cation halide perovskite solar cells. The application of a bias voltage (poling) up to 2 V, under UV light, is a critical step to induce charge transport in the ferroelectric oxide. Champion cells result in power conversion efficiencies of ∼11% after poling. Stability analysis, carried out at 1-sun AM 1.5 G, including UV light in air for unencapsulated devices, shows negligible degradation for hours. Our experiments indicate the effect of ferroelectricity, however alternative conducting mechanisms affected by the accumulation of charges or the migration of ions (or the combination of them) cannot be ruled out. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, the application of a ferroelectric oxide as an electron extraction material in efficient and stable PSCs. These findings are also a step forward in the development of next generation ferroelectric oxide-based electronic and optoelectronic devices. ; M. G. and S. M. Z. thank the European Union's Horizon 2020 programme, through a FET Open research and innovation action under grant agreement No. 687008 and the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) for the financial support. H.-S. K. is grateful for the postdoctoral fellowship grant (NRF-2016R1A6A3A03012393). M. S. acknowledges support from the co-funded Marie Skłodowska Curie fellowship, H2020 grant agreement no. 665667. To the Spanish MINECO through the Severo Ochoa Centers of Excellence Program under Grant SEV-2013-0295 and for the postdoctoral contract for H. X.; for the grant ENE2016-79282-C5-2-R and the OrgEnergy Excelence Network CTQ2016-81911-REDT. To the Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca for the support to the consolidated Catalonia research group 2017 SGR-329 and the Xarxa de Referència en Materials Avançats per a l'Energia (Xarmae). To the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) for the contract ENE2015-74275-JIN to A. P. To the CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya and to the European COST Action StableNextSol project MP1307. ; Peer reviewed