Threatening consumption: managing US imperial anxieties in representations of skin lightening in India
In: Social identities: journal for the study of race, nation and culture, Band 19, Heft 1, S. 104-119
ISSN: 1363-0296
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In: Social identities: journal for the study of race, nation and culture, Band 19, Heft 1, S. 104-119
ISSN: 1363-0296
In: Transformation towards sustainable and resilient WASH services: Proceedings of the 41st WEDC International Conference
This is a conference paper. ; Nepal made a remarkable progress in increasing sanitation coverage from 43% in 2010 to over 95% in 2017 with 45 of 75 districts achieved Open Defecation Free (ODF) status. Effective government leadership, creation of enabling environment through development and operationalization of operationalization of Sanitation and Hygiene Master Plan, strong sector coordination at all levels, and transformation of sanitation promotion to sanitation social movement are the major success factors. In order to assess the sustainability of ODF, a study was conducted in 2016 covering 2,100 households from seven districts. The study showed that 96.5 % of households were using toilets while the remaining 3.5% were defecating in open. The study confirms creation of new social norms which contributed to uptake and use of toilets at large scale. The study also identified major areas for improvement and proposes critical recommendations to address them. Major findings from the study are presented in this paper.
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In: WEDC Conference
This is a conference paper. ; Nepal's Sanitation achievement been accelerated by the sanitation social movementl that prioritizes the elimination of Open Defaecation (OD) in line with the Sanitation and Hygiene Master Plan launched in 2011 by the Government of Nepal. UNICEF partnered with International Development Enterprises (iDE) Nepal to develop a market-based approach for sanitation for strengthening the sanitation supply chain in eight Terai districts with high rates of OD. A product named "Easy Latrine" was promoted as a major component of the programme that could all be purchased from one retailer in a 'one-stop shop' manner to enable an efficient purchasing experience for the consumer. In a period of 18 months, total of 33,730 easy latrines were sold in 56 villages and 6 villages were declared Open Defecation Free. This paper aimed at sharing the experience from implementation of sanitation marketing model.
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In: Journal of the Nepal Health Research Council, Band 5, Heft 2, S. 1-4
ISSN: 1999-6217
Not uploaded.Key words: Screening treponemal antibodies; Treponema palladium; ELISA; TP-PADOI: 10.3126/jnhrc.v5i2.2449Journal of Nepal Health Research Council (JNHRC) Vol. 5, No.2, October 2007 1-4
In: WEDC Conference
This is a conference paper. ; Sanitation sector in Nepal remained a low priority till 2010. From 2010, the Government of Nepal prioritized sanitation and hygiene through creating enabling policy environment, inclusive planning, decentralized service delivery arrangement, and transforming sanitation promotion to social movement. The sanitation and hygiene master plan developed in 2011 provided a clear road map as well as set a national target of achieving universal access to improved sanitation by 2017. Social sanitation movement included triggering through school and community led interventions, socio-cultural festivals, sector triggering, decentralized governance, multi-sector collaboration and pro-active engagement of grassroot level actors. As a result access to improved sanitation increased dramatically from 43% in 2010 to 87% in 2016. Despite the huge progress, Nepal has to address a number of issues related to disparity in sanitation coverage and poor hygiene behaviors. There is a strong need of social norms for eliminating certain cultural dogmas especially around menstrual hygiene.
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This report is based on the outcome of a study carried out by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre - Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (JRC-IPTS, Spain) in cooperation with EuroCARE (Bonn, Germany). The report provides a detailed description of the methodology developed to assess the implications of the European Renewable Energy Directive on the agricultural sector, with an explicit focus on regional effects of biofuel targets in the EU. For the analysis, the spatial agricultural sector model CAPRI has been extended to include a global representation of biofuel markets (with endogenous supply, demand and trade flows for biofuels and biofuel feedstocks) while keeping the focus on regional impacts in the EU. The model is capable to simulate the impacts of EU biofuel policies on food production and prices, the potential use of by-products in the feed chain, the increasing pressure on marginal and idle land and the share of imported biofuels (self-sufficiency indicators). CAPRI is now able to jointly assess biofuel and agricultural policies, including policy instruments defined at the Member State level. The CAPRI biofuel module allows for a detailed analysis of most relevant biofuel support instruments like consumer tax exemptions, quota obligations, import tariffs and other trade measures. Additionally, the model allows for analysing scenarios regarding technical progress in 2nd generation technologies for biofuels.
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In: Urban , D , Shrestha , S , Barnes , AP , O'Donoghue , C & Ryan , M 2021 , Understanding impacts of environment-related payments on farm level production and economy through integrated spatial modelling .
The EU Water Framework Directives (WFD) sets to achieve a 'good' surface water quality status, while the practical means to achieve this target is in hands of the individual member states though application of Agri-Environmental Schemes and their specific protective measures. In its EU withdrawal agreement, the United Kingdom has decided to retain the European water regulatory framework. In Scotland, almost 30% of watercourses are expected to be of lower than 'good' ecological status in 2021, and thus require attention of policymakers. Scotland's River Basin Management Plans (RBMPs) set out a range of actions to address the issues with regional water quality. The farmers' capacity to meet its obligations are, in turn, supported by the adoption of the Agri-Environment Climate Scheme (AECS). Nitrogen is one of the main water pollutants emitted by agricultural practices of farms, and thus it is of crucial importance to determine the most cost-effective ways to reduce nitrogen pollution bellow the target levels. This study aims to adapt the SMILE spatial microsimulation model to run farm-level scenario analysis of a set of specific measures aimed at reducing disperse nitrogen loads. The scenario results are compared against a baseline simulation, that represents the current state of all the farms. The resulting net change in total nitrogen emitted, and the change in farm gross margins is used to calculate the individual marginal abatement costs of the farms with a specific geographic reference on the level of electoral districts. The context, in which the abatement costs vary does not only change the absolute values of the costs, but also their relative ranks, and thus the appropriateness of given measures under the circumstances. In order to describe the main determinants of variation in abatement costs, they are analysed in context of geographically varying environmental conditions, water quality metrics and farm characteristics, followed by an analysis of variation within and between electoral districts. These assessments will then drive a discussion on appropriateness of specifically targeted policies, in contrast of undifferentiated, one-size-fits-all schemes. Furthermore, the targeting of policies will also be assessed based on the results of spatial analysis of variation to determine, whether policies targeted on farm specific characteristics, or those targeted geographically, would achieve the targets with higher efficiency. The empirically surveyed farmers' attitudes to given measures, and thus the likelihood to adopt them with also be included in the final analysis of scenario results.
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In: Barnes , AP , Thompson , B , Toma , L , Ferreira , JG & Shrestha , S 2021 ' Ecological Practices in Scotland: Comparing Farmer Attitudes to Agroecological Farming ' SRUC . https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5524735
Addressing both climate and biodiversity emergencies requires support for transitions to more ecological and climate friendly farming practices. Key to this will be the practices already adopted by Scottish farmers but also the incentives we offer to support change in our current farming practice. Key to this will be the underlying attitudes and perspective of farmers towards adopting ecological approaches. This briefing note outlines the results of a survey of Scottish farmers on their attitudes and perspectives towards ecological practices. It is part of the EU funded LIFT project looking at farming across Europe. We compare Scottish farmer perceptions to those of counterpart farmers in mainland Europe. This allows us to identify whether there are stronger or weaker levels of agreement towards these statements and whether they are significantly different from a mainland European perspective. We find that Scottish farmers have higher levels of agreement in a number of areas towards positive external influence, namely supply chain acceptability of ecological approaches and social acceptance of ecological approaches. Conversely, we find lower levels of agreement to more internal influences such as farmer outlooks towards ecological approaches and some farming goals. This suggests they identify less as an ecological farmer compared to those on mainland Europe. Nevertheless, agreement is still high with Scottish farmers towards some of these statements. Overall, the surveyed Scottish farmer perspectives are positive towards ecological approaches, when compared against other European farmers. Raising favourable outlook outlooks towards these practices may be enabled by a policy direction which embeds these approaches within a replacement to the CAP as a means to promote more mainstreaming of practices.
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In: Thompson , B , Toma , L , Ferreira , JG , Shrestha , S & Barnes , AP 2021 ' Agroecological Practices Used in Scottish Farming: Evidence from a Survey of Farming Businesses ' . https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5356877
The Scottish Government's ambition to address climate and biodiversity emergencies require urgent decisions to be made on replacement agricultural policies, following the UK's withdrawal from the EU. Agroecology is one nature-based farming approach which, if adopted widely in Scotland, may enable farms to contribute to both these climate and biodiversity targets. To know how best to support the adoption of agroecological practices we must first understand the current level of use. This briefing note outlines the results of a survey of Scottish farmers on agroecological practices. It is part of an EU Horizon 2020 project so compares Scottish adoption with a concurrent sample of EU farmers. It highlights which practices Scottish farmers promote within their farming systems and where there is scope to do more relative to their EU counterparts. This allows us to understand the potential for a transition to a more agroecological system and start to identify barriers and opportunities for adoption of these approaches in Scottish farming. We find that Scottish livestock farms lag behind their EU counterparts in our sample in terms of overall adoption of agroecological practices. Only in relation to stocking density criteria did Scottish farms outperform their EU counterparts. On the other hand, the overall adoption of agroecological practices on Scottish crop farms is in line with EU counterparts. In fact, their adoption of agroecological tillage, fertilisation, pest and weed management practices is slightly ahead of the EU in our sample. The uptake of integrated weed management practices was particularly high in the Scottish farms surveyed. Areas for improvement include increasing plant diversity and rotation as well as cover cropping. Overall, we see several opportunities for Scottish livestock farmers to adopt agroecological practices that could help contribute to climate and biodiversity goals if they are properly supported. These are opportunities that appear to have been taken by EU counterparts and could be promising quick wins for Scotland. We also see that Scottish crop farmers have been successful in adopting several agroecological approaches. There is an opportunity here to learn what has driven adoption in this group and how learning can be transferred to the livestock sector.
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Though springs are the primary source of water for communities in the mid-hills of Nepal, an in-depth scientific understanding of spring systems is missing, preventing the design of effective climate-resilient interventions for long-term sustainability of springs. This study marks the first attempt to combine environmental isotopes analysis with hydrometric and hydrogeological measurements to identify dominant recharge zones for springs in two mountainous catchments—Banlek and Shikarpur—in Far-Western Nepal. In total, 422 water samples collected from rainfall, springs and streams between March 2016 and March 2017 were analyzed for their isotopic composition (d18O and dD). Isotopic composition of rainwater shows seasonality, suggesting that different sources of water vapor cause rains in monsoon and in dry season. Rainfall responses of individual springs were used to identify connections to unconfined and deeper groundwater strata. The isotopic composition of springs in the two catchments ranges from -9.55 to -8.06‰ for d18O and -67.58 to -53.51‰ for dD. The isotopic signature of the spring sources falls close to the local meteoric water line for the corresponding season, indicating strong rainfall contribution to springs. Altitudinal isotopic gradients suggest mean recharge elevation of 2,600–2,700 m asl for springs in Shikarpur, which lies beyond the surface-water catchment, and a recharge elevation of 1,000–1,100 m asl for Banlek, which partially extends beyond the surface-water catchment. The demarcated recharge zones will be used by government agencies to implement recharge interventions to increase the resiliency and reliability of springs in Far-Western Nepal.
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Objective:To assess the variation in price among different brands of anticancer medicines available in hospital pharmacies at Nepalese cancer hospitals. Methods:The price of different brands of the same anticancer medicines available in the hospital pharmacies of two cancer hospitals was assessed. Prices of different dosage forms such as a single tablet, capsule and vial were calculated. The difference in the maximum and minimum price of the same drug manufactured by different pharmaceutical industries was determined, and the percentage variation in price was calculated. The prices of medicines (brands) were also compared with the price determined by the government where available. Results:Price variation was assessed for 31 anticancer medicines belonging to six broad categories. Prices were found to vary maximally among the following medicines, each belonging to separate categories: among alkylating agents, the price of temozolomide 100 mg capsule varied 308%; among antimetabolite agents, the price of pemetrexed 500 mg injection varied 134%; among hormonal drugs, the price of letrozole 2.5 mg tablet varied 200%; among antibody class, the price of trastuzumab 440 mg injection varied 73%; among natural products, the price of irinotecan 100 mg injection varied 590%; and among miscellaneous agents, the price of bortezomib 2 mg injection varied 241%. There was a significant difference in the mean MRP of the alkylating agents with the antimetabolites (p-value 0.006) and the monoclonal antibody (p-value <.001). Antimetabolites, natural products, hormonal therapy all had significant mean differences in their MRPs with the monoclonal antibodies. (p-value <.001) and the monoclonal antibodies had a significant mean difference in the MRP with the miscellaneous agents. (p-value <.001). Conclusions:There was a considerable variation in the price of different brands of anticancer medicines available in the Nepalese market. The Government of Nepal has regulated the prices of some medicines, including anticancer medicine. However, it is not enough as prices of the majority of anticancer medicines are still not regulated. Therefore, further strategies are needed to address the variation in the prices of anticancer medicines available in the Nepalese market.
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The global COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented disruption to lives and livelihoods around the world. These disruptions have brought into sharp focus experiences of vulnerability but also, at times, evidence of resilience as people and institutions gear up to respond to the crisis. Drawing on intensive qualitative enquiry in 16 villages of Himalayan India and Nepal, this paper documents both dark and bright spots from the early days of the pandemic. We find intense experiences of fear and uncertainty, heightened food insecurity, and drastic reductions in livelihood opportunities. However, we also find a wide range of individual and collective responses as well as a patchwork of policy support mechanisms that have provided at least some measure of basic security. Local elected governments have played a critical role in coordinating responses and delivering social support, however the nature of their actions varies as a result of different institutional arrangements and state support systems in the two countries. Our findings highlight the changing nature of vulnerability in the present era, as demographic shifts, growing off-farm employment and dependence on remittances, and increasing market integration have all brought about new kinds of exposure to risk for rural populations in the context of the present disruption and beyond. Most importantly, our research shows the critical importance of strong systems of state support for protecting basic well-being in times of crises. Based on these findings, we argue that there is a need for greater knowledge of how local institutions work in tandem with a broader set of state support mechanisms to generate responses for urgent challenges; such knowledge holds the potential to develop governance systems that are better able to confront diverse shocks that households face, both now and in the future.
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In: Hubbard , C , Davis , J , Feng , S , Harvey , D , Liddon , A , Moxey , A , Ojo , M , Patton , M , Philippidis , G , Scott , C , Shrestha , S & Wallace , M 2018 , ' Brexit: How will UK agriculture fare? ' , EuroChoices , vol. 17 , no. 2 , pp. 19 - 26 . https://doi.org/10.1111/1746-692X.12199
There is little doubt that Brexit would have significant implications for UK agriculture, a sector with strong trade links to the EU and strong reliance on CAP income support. This article reports preliminary results from employing a Computable General Equilibrium Model, a Partial Equilibrium Model and Farm Level Models to explore selected trade and domestic policy scenarios post‐Brexit. These allow for the estimation of changes in producer prices, production and farm incomes against a baseline scenario of continued EU membership. Under a Free Trade Agreement with the EU, agricultural impacts are relatively modest. By contrast, unilateral removal of import tariffs has significant negative impacts on prices, production and incomes. Adoption of the EU's WTO tariff schedule for all imports favours net importers (e.g. dairy) and harms net exporters (e.g. sheep). Given the strong dependence of most UK farms on direct payments, their removal worsens negative impacts of new trade arrangements and offsets positive impacts. Impacts vary across different types and sizes of farm, but also regionally. However, the period of adjustment to new trade and domestic policy conditions may prove very challenging for a large number of farm businesses.
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FMSR (Austria) ; FNRS (Belgium) ; FWO (Belgium) ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; MES (Bulgaria) ; CERN (China) ; CAS (China) ; MoST (China) ; NSFC (China) ; COLCIENCIAS (Colombia) ; MSES (Croatia) ; RPF (Cyprus) ; Academy of Sciences and NICPB (Estonia) ; Academy of Finland, ME, and HIP (Finland) ; CEA (France) ; CNRS/IN2P3 (France) ; BMBF (Germany) ; DFG (Germany) ; HGF (Germany) ; GSRT (Greece) ; OTKA (Hungary) ; NKTH (Hungary) ; DAE (India) ; DST (India) ; IPM (Iran) ; SFI (Ireland) ; INFN (Italy) ; NRF (Korea) ; LAS (Lithuania) ; CINVESTAV (Mexico) ; CONACYT (Mexico) ; SEP (Mexico) ; UASLP-FAI (Mexico) ; PAEC (Pakistan) ; SCSR (Poland) ; FCT (Portugal) ; JINR (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan) ; MST (Russia) ; MAE (Russia) ; MSTDS (Serbia) ; MICINN ; CPAN (Spain) ; Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland) ; NSC (Taipei) ; TUBITAK ; TAEK (Turkey) ; STFC (United Kingdom) ; DOE (USA) ; NSF (USA) ; European Union ; Leventis Foundation ; A. P. Sloan Foundation ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Measurements of inclusive charged-hadron transverse-momentum and pseudorapidity distributions are presented for proton-proton collisions at root s = 0.9 and 2.36 TeV. The data were collected with the CMS detector during the LHC commissioning in December 2009. For non-single-diffractive interactions, the average charged-hadron transverse momentum is measured to be 0.46 +/- 0.01 (stat.) +/- 0.01 (syst.) GeV/c at 0.9 TeV and 0.50 +/- 0.01 (stat.) +/- 0.01 (syst.) GeV/c at 2.36 TeV, for pseudorapidities between -2.4 and +2.4. At these energies, the measured pseudorapidity densities in the central region, dN(ch)/d eta vertical bar(vertical bar eta vertical bar and pp collisions. The results at 2.36 TeV represent the highest-energy measurements at a particle collider to date.
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BMWFW (Austria) ; FWF (Austria) ; FNRS (Belgium) ; FWO (Belgium) ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; MES (Bulgaria) ; CERN ; CAS (China) ; MOST (China) ; NSFC (China) ; COLCIENCIAS (Colombia) ; MSES (Croatia) ; CSF (Croatia) ; RPF (Cyprus) ; SENESCYT (Ecuador) ; MoER (Estonia) ; ERC IUT (Estonia) ; ERDF (Estonia) ; Academy of Finland (Finland) ; MEC (Finland) ; HIP (Finland) ; CEA (France) ; CNRS/IN2P3 (France) ; BMBF (Germany) ; DFG (Germany) ; HGF (Germany) ; GSRT (Greece) ; OTKA (Hungary) ; NIH (Hungary) ; DAE (India) ; DST (India) ; IPM (Iran) ; SFI (Ireland) ; INFN (Italy) ; MSIP (Republic of Korea) ; NRF (Republic of Korea) ; LAS (Lithuania) ; MOE (Malaysia) ; UM (Malaysia) ; BUAP (Mexico) ; CINVESTAV (Mexico) ; CONACYT (Mexico) ; LNS (Mexico) ; SEP (Mexico) ; UASLP-FAI (Mexico) ; MBIE (New Zealand) ; PAEC (Pakistan) ; MSHE (Poland) ; NSC (Poland) ; FCT (Portugal) ; JINR (Dubna) ; MON (Russia) ; RosAtom (Russia) ; RAS (Russia) ; RFBR (Russia) ; MESTD (Serbia) ; SEIDI (Spain) ; CPAN (Spain) ; Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland) ; MST (Taipei) ; ThEPCenter (Thailand) ; IPST (Thailand) ; STAR (Thailand) ; NSTDA (Thailand) ; TUBITAK (Turkey) ; TAEK (Turkey) ; NASU (Ukraine) ; SFFR (Ukraine) ; STFC (United Kingdom) ; DOE (USA) ; NSF (USA) ; Marie-Curie programme ; European Research Council (European Union) ; Leventis Foundation ; A. P. Sloan Foundation ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium) ; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium) ; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic ; Council of Science and Industrial Research, India ; HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science ; European Union, Regional Development Fund ; Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education ; National Science Center (Poland) ; Thalis programme - EU-ESF ; Aristeia programme - EU-ESF ; Greek NSRF ; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund ; Programa Clarin-COFUND del Principado de Asturias ; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship (Thailand) ; Chulalongkorn University (Thailand) ; Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand) ; Welch Foundation ; EPLANET (European Union) ; National Science Center (Poland): Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428 ; National Science Center (Poland): Opus 2013/11/B/ST2/04202 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2014/13/B/ST2/02543 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2014/15/B/ST2/ 03998 ; National Science Center (Poland): Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406 ; Welch Foundation: C-1845 ; The invariance of the standard model (SM) under the CPT transformation predicts equality of particle and antiparticle masses. This prediction is tested by measuring the mass difference between the top quark and antiquark (Delta m(t) = m(t) - m((t) over bar)) that are produced in pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV, using events with a muon or an electron and at least four jets in the final state. The analysis is based on data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.6 fb(-1) collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, and yields a value of Delta m(t) = 0.15 0.19 (stat) +/- 0.09(syst) GeV, which is consistent with the SM expectation. This result is significantly more precise than previously reported measurements. (C) 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.
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