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The balance of the regions' demographic dynamics in many ways determines the country's sustainable demographic development. The high level of the regional fertility differentiation, historically manifested in Russia, requires the development of specific tools. These tools are necessary for analysing the regional imbalance as well as the trends of the regions' convergence (divergence) in terms of fertility rate. The study analyses convergence of fertility in Russia. For this purpose, I developed a theoretical and methodological framework that assesses the concept of convergence at three levels: ideological and political, theoretical, and instrumental and applied. Methodological approaches to analysing the fertility's convergence allow assessing the dynamics of the fertility's interregional dispersion, the structural impact in the tendencies of regional convergence, as well as the changes of the regions' ranked positions in terms of fertility. I demonstrated the methods of analysing σ-, β-, γ-convergence. Further, I tested the developed tools using the data on the total fertility rate for the period from 1990 to 2016. A separate analysis was conducted for the period from 2007, when the measures aimed at supporting fertility significantly strengthened. The results of the study have demonstrated that in the historical perspective there was no fertility convergence. Moreover, there is no fertility convergence in the period of active implementation of the state measures to support fertility. Thus, the recent demographic policy is yet to produce a positive effect in relation to levelling the regional differences in fertility. I concluded that analysing the regional fertility's convergence allows understanding the nature and prospects of the population's reproduction processes in the country. This analysis expands the information base for making management decisions in the sphere of demographics and allows addressing the demographic problems in Russia as it contributes to the growth of effectiveness of the measures to support and stimulate fertility. The study of the so-called club convergence is a prospective direction for further research. © 2019 Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. ; Council on grants of the President of the Russian Federation ; The article has been prepared within the research project "Fertility and parenting in Russian regions: models, invigoration strategies, forecasts", supported by the President of Russian Federation (the grant No. NSh-3429.2018.6).

The balance of the regions' demographic dynamics in many ways determines the country's sustainable demographic development. The high level of the regional fertility differentiation, historically manifested in Russia, requires the development of specific tools. These tools are necessary for analysing the regional imbalance as well as the trends of the regions' convergence (divergence) in terms of fertility rate. The study analyses convergence of fertility in Russia. For this purpose, I developed a theoretical and methodological framework that assesses the concept of convergence at three levels: ideological and political, theoretical, and instrumental and applied. Methodological approaches to analysing the fertility's convergence allow assessing the dynamics of the fertility's interregional dispersion, the structural impact in the tendencies of regional convergence, as well as the changes of the regions' ranked positions in terms of fertility. I demonstrated the methods of analysing σ-, β-, γ-convergence. Further, I tested the developed tools using the data on the total fertility rate for the period from 1990 to 2016. A separate analysis was conducted for the period from 2007, when the measures aimed at supporting fertility significantly strengthened. The results of the study have demonstrated that in the historical perspective there was no fertility convergence. Moreover, there is no fertility convergence in the period of active implementation of the state measures to support fertility. Thus, the recent demographic policy is yet to produce a positive effect in relation to levelling the regional differences in fertility. I concluded that analysing the regional fertility's convergence allows understanding the nature and prospects of the population's reproduction processes in the country. This analysis expands the information base for making management decisions in the sphere of demographics and allows addressing the demographic problems in Russia as it contributes to the growth of effectiveness of the measures to support and stimulate fertility. The study of the so-called club convergence is a prospective direction for further research. © 2019 Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. ; Предложен концептуальный подход к исследованию рождаемости в России на основе концепции конвергенции. Представлена динамика коэффициента Джини в исследовании региональной дифференциации рождаемости. ; The article has been prepared within the research project Fertility and parenting in Russian regions: models, invigoration strategies, forecasts, supported by the President of Russian Federation (the grant No. NSh-3429.2018.6).

The predicted negative trends in Russian demography (falling birth rates, population decline) actualize the need to strengthen measures of family and population policy. Our research purpose is to identify groups of Russian regions with similar characteristics in the family sphere using cluster analysis. The findings should make an important contribution to the field of family policy. We used hierarchical cluster analysis based on the Ward method and the Euclidean distance for segmentation of Russian regions. Clustering is based on four variables, which allowed assessing the family institution in the region. The authors used the data of Federal State Statistics Service from 2010 to 2015. Clustering and profiling of each segment has allowed forming a model of Russian regions depending on the features of the family institution in these regions. The authors revealed four clusters grouping regions with similar problems in the family sphere. This segmentation makes it possible to develop the most relevant family policy measures in each group of regions. Thus, the analysis has shown a high degree of differentiation of the family institution in the regions. This suggests that a unified approach to population problems' solving is far from being effective. To achieve greater results in the implementation of family policy, a differentiated approach is needed. Methods of multidimensional data classification can be successfully applied as a relevant analytical toolkit. Further research could develop the adaptation of multidimensional classification methods to the analysis of the population problems in Russian regions. In particular, the algorithms of nonparametric cluster analysis may be of relevance in future studies. ; Government Council on Grants, Russian Federation ; The article has been supported by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation № 211, contract № 02.A03.21.0006.

Изучение феномена прародительского труда является одной из перспектив развития экономики родительского труда - научного направления, активно развиваемого зарубежными, а с начала 2000-х гг. - и российскими исследователями. Высокий уровень социально-экономической дифференциации российских территорий, а также необходимость решения важных стратегических задач, сформулированных в национальном проекте «Демография» и Стратегии пространственного развития Российской Федерации на период до 2025 года, актуализируют изучение прародительского труда. Цель настоящего исследования состоит в выявлении специфических региональных ситуаций - моделей прародительского труда в социально-экономическом пространстве страны. Эмпирической основой анализа послужили данные обследования Росстата «Комплексное наблюдение условий жизни населения», отдельные вопросы которого позволяют в первом приближении исследовать прародительский труд. В качестве основного метода применялись иерархических кластерный анализ (на основе метода Варда, квадрата евклидова расстояния и других мер) и неиерархический кластерный анализ (метод k-средних). В процессе исследования получены теоретико-методологические и прикладные результаты. Была представлена методологическая основа изучения прародительского труда, сформированная на базе результатов исследований родительского труда и зарубежных демографических исследований прародительства. Эмпирический анализ позволил выявить и охарактеризовать 6 моделей прародительского труда бабушек, сложившихся в российском социально-экономическом пространстве. Выявленные модели различаются по уровню и интенсивности включенности женщин старшего возраста в сферу прародительского труда, а также их потенциалу в этой сфере. Был представлен региональный состав каждой модели прародительского труда - выделены регионы-ядра, представляющие собой группы регионов, устойчиво связанных в различных вариантах кластеризации. Показаны преимущества активизации и стимулирования со стороны государства прародительского труда в регионах страны. Перспективы исследования - изучение особенностей прародительского труда для разных категорий его субъектов - мужчин, прародителей, проживающих вместе с внуками и отдельно от них, проживающих в одном городе, регионе или разных российских регионах. ; Foreign researchers consider the phenomenon of grandparents' labour in the framework of the economy of parental labour. Since the early 2000s, Russian scientists have been actively studying this problem due to high socio-economic disparity of Russian regions, and important strategic objectives stated in the Demography National Project and the Strategy of Spatial Development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2025. We identified and described specific regional situations, namely, models of grandparents' labour in the socio-economic space of the country. To analyse grandparents' labour, we examined individual questions of the "Comprehensive monitoring of living conditions" survey published by the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat). The research methodology includes both hierarchical (based on Ward's method, the square of the Euclidean distance, and other measures) and non-hierarchical cluster analysis (the k-means method). We proposed a method for studying grandparents' labour based on research of parental labour and international demographic studies on grandparenthood. The empirical analysis revealed 6 models of grandparents' labour in the socio-economic space of Russia. These models differ in the level and intensity of involvement of older women in the sphere of grandparents' labour and their potential in this area. For each model of grandparents' labour, we identified the core regions (groups of regions) involved in the clustering. We explained why the government should be interested in the activation and stimulation of grandparents' labour in Russian regions. Further research should focus on examining the particularities of grandparents' labour depending on the actors: men, grandparents living with their grandchildren and apart from them, living in the same city, in the same or different regions of Russia. ; Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта №20–011–00280. ; The article has been prepared with the support of Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the project No. 20–011–00280.

The predicted negative trends in Russian demography (falling birth rates, population decline) actualize the need to strengthen measures of family and population policy. Our research purpose is to identify groups of Russian regions with similar characteristics in the family sphere using cluster analysis. The findings should make an important contribution to the field of family policy. We used hierarchical cluster analysis based on the Ward method and the Euclidean distance for segmentation of Russian regions. Clustering is based on four variables, which allowed assessing the family institution in the region. The authors used the data of Federal State Statistics Service from 2010 to 2015. Clustering and profiling of each segment has allowed forming a model of Russian regions depending on the features of the family institution in these regions. The authors revealed four clusters grouping regions with similar problems in the family sphere. This segmentation makes it possible to develop the most relevant family policy measures in each group of regions. Thus, the analysis has shown a high degree of differentiation of the family institution in the regions. This suggests that a unified approach to population problems' solving is far from being effective. To achieve greater results in the implementation of family policy, a differentiated approach is needed. Methods of multidimensional data classification can be successfully applied as a relevant analytical toolkit. Further research could develop the adaptation of multidimensional classification methods to the analysis of the population problems in Russian regions. In particular, the algorithms of nonparametric cluster analysis may be of relevance in future studies. ; На основе кластерного анализа выявлены группы российских регионов со схожими проблемами в сфере семьи. Рассмотрена Концепция государственной семейной политики в Российской Федерации на период до 2025 года. ; The article has been supported by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No 211, contract No 02.A03.21.0006.