Suchergebnisse

Introduction : locating the polar regions / Mark Nuttall, Torben R. Christensen and Martin J. Siegert -- Exploring and mapping the Arctic : histories of discovery and knowledge / John McCannon -- Exploring and mapping the Antarctic : histories of discovery and knowledge / Ursula Rack -- The Arctic in literature and the popular imagination / Heidi Hansson -- The Antarctic in literature and the popular imagination / Elizabeth Leane -- Self-determination and indigenous governance in the Arctic / Mark Nuttall -- Indigenous cartographies of Arctic spaces and places / Kaitlin Young -- Circumpolar health and well-being / Helle Møller -- Education in the Arctic : trends, challenges and possibilities / Andrew Hodgkins -- Historical sites and heritage in the polar regions / Dag Avango -- Biodiversity in the polar regions in a warming world / Hans Meltofte -- The geological histories of polar environments / Tom Jordan -- Polar oceans and their global significance / Rory Bingham -- Polar sea ice as a barometer and driver of change / Jeremy Wilkinson and Julienne Stroeve -- The current health of polar ice sheets and implications for sea level / Mal McMillan -- Polar climatology and evidence for global warming / Gareth Marshall -- Post last glacial maximum processes in the polar regions / Pippa Whitehouse -- Biogeochemical cycling in glacial environments / Elizabeth A. Bagshaw -- Permafrost dynamics / Margareta Johansson -- Polar feedbacks in a changing climate / Richard Hodgkins -- The Antarctic Treaty, territorial claims and a continent for science / Klaus Dodds -- The polar regions and the law of the sea / Donald R. Rothwell -- The Arctic Council : governance and international relations / Timo Koivurova -- National Antarctic programmes : the politics-science interface / Anita Dey Nuttall -- Sustainable development and sustainability in Arctic political discourses / Birger Poppel -- Indigeneity, sovereignty and Arctic indigenous internationalism / Jessica Shadian -- Geopolitics and security in the Arctic / Andreas Østhagen -- Polar tourism : status, trends, futures / Emma J. Stewart and Daniela Liggett -- Consulting Arctic energy : from political hearings to roundtable events / Arthur Mason -- Social and environmental impact assessments in the Arctic / Anne Merrild Hansen, Sanne Vamme Larsen and Bram Noble -- Northern fisheries / Alf Håkon Hoel -- The future of Antarctica : minerals, bioprospecting and fisheries / Sanjay Chaturvedi -- Conservation and environmental governance in the polar regions / Mark Nuttall -- Polar technology and scientific discovery : exploring the great ice sheets through geophysics / Martin J. Siegert -- Looking into the past : ice and sediment cores / Robert McKay -- Subglacial access and investigation / Keith Makinson -- Upper atmosphere physics and chemistry / Sheila Kirkwood -- Ocean-land interactions and the Arctic carbon cycle / Frans-Jan Parmentier -- Back to the future : detecting past Arctic change and investing in future observations / Terry V. Callaghan, Margareta Johansson and Nadya Matveyeva

Acknowledgements ICP acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No: 787203 REALM). MN acknowledges support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), grant No. J4211- N29. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

Ice cores provide some of the best-dated and most comprehensive proxy records, as they yield a vast and growing array of proxy indicators. Selecting a site for ice core drilling is nonetheless challenging, as the assessment of potential new sites needs to consider a variety of factors. Here, we demonstrate a systematic approach to site selection for a new East Antarctic high-resolution ice core record. Specifically, seven criteria are considered: (1) 2000-year-old ice at 300 m depth; (2) above 1000 m elevation; (3) a minimum accumulation rate of 250 mm years(-1) IE (ice equivalent); (4) minimal surface reworking to preserve the deposited climate signal; (5) a site with minimal displacement or elevation change in ice at 300 m depth; (6) a strong teleconnection to midlatitude climate; and (7) an appropriately complementary relationship to the existing Law Dome record (a high-resolution record in East Antarctica). Once assessment of these physical characteristics identified promising regions, logistical considerations (for site access and ice core retrieval) were briefly considered. We use Antarctic surface mass balance syntheses, along with ground-truthing of satellite data by airborne radar surveys to produce all-of-Antarctica maps of surface roughness, age at specified depth, elevation and displacement change, and surface air temperature correlations to pinpoint promising locations. We also use the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast ERA 20th Century reanalysis (ERA-20C) to ensure that a site complementary to the Law Dome record is selected. We find three promising sites in the Indian Ocean sector of East Antarctica in the coastal zone from Enderby Land to the In-grid Christensen Coast (50-100 degrees E). Although we focus on East Antarctica for a new ice core site, the methodology is more generally applicable, and we include key parameters for all of Antarctica which may be useful for ice core site selection elsewhere and/or for other purposes. ; UK Natural Environment Research Council NE/D003733/1 ; NSF ANT-0733025 ; Jackson School of Geosciences ; G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation ; Australian Antarctic Division ASAC 3103, 4077, 4346 ; Australian Government's Cooperative Research Centres Programme through the Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC) PAGES WCRP Polar Climate Predictability Initiative (PCPI) Research Program ; Geological Sciences

• The Arctic has warmed by around 2°C since 1850, approximately double the global average. Even if the Paris Agreement successfully limits global warming to a further 0.5°C, the Arctic is expected to warm by at least another 1°C. • The United Kingdom's (UK) weather is linked to conditions in the European Arctic. For example, high atmospheric pressure in the Nordic Seas divert damaging storms across the UK and mainland Europe, with the potential to cause societal disruption from flooding. • It is possible, although presently unconfirmed, that alterations in Arctic conditions provoked the 'Beast from the East' winter storm in 2018. • Scientists need to take observations and improve their understanding of climatic processes in the Nordic Seas and the Arctic Ocean to fill gaps in knowledge about the links between the Arctic climate and the UK's weather; a risk identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). • The UK has significant research expertise and experience to understand how global warming will change the Arctic's environment and affect the UK. • This strength, allied with the capabilities of the UK's new polar research ship the RRS Sir David Attenborough, warrants an integrated programme of research, including advanced numerical modelling, to improve predictions of future extreme weather events. • Such a programme must acknowledge that the Arctic is politically an increasingly congested and contested space. It should be designed in collaboration with key Arctic and near-Arctic nations to increase the UK's influence and ability

The view from the south is, more than ever, dominated by ominous signs of change. Antarctica and the Southern Ocean are intrinsic to the Earth system, and their evolution is intertwined with and influences the course of the Anthropocene. In turn, changes in the Antarctic affect and presage humanity's future. Growing understanding is countering popular beliefs that Antarctica is pristine, stable, isolated, and reliably frozen. An aspirational roadmap for Antarctic science has facilitated research since 2014. A renewed commitment to gathering further knowledge will quicken the pace of understanding of Earth systems and beyond. Progress is already evident, such as addressing uncertainties in the causes and pace of ice loss and global sea-level rise. However, much remains to be learned. As an iconic global "commons," the rapidity of Antarctic change will provoke further political action. Antarctic research is more vital than ever to a sustainable future for this One Earth.