Suchergebnisse

Particularly in German-speaking agrarian historiography, research on rural commons has long been under the spell of their dissolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. As a result, the continuance of such institutions well into the twentieth century or even to the present has remained poorly elucidated. This theme is picked up with respect to northern Tyrol and the Baden Palatinate, which provide an illuminating case for contrasting comparison,since they owed the persistence of commons beyond the alleged watershed around 1800 to rather different natural, settlement, economic and political-juridical conditions. The two regions are first portrayed separately in relation to (1) resource systems and institutional arrangements, (2) processes of change and potentials for conflict and (3) forms of inclusion and exclusion. The last part provides a discussion of parallels and peculiarities along these three dimensions. It becomes clear that both extensive livestock-farming (Tyrol) and cash-cropping (Baden Palatinate) or certain combinations with industrial labour could contribute to the maintenance of collective ownership until the mid-twentieth century. Afterwards, however, the developments diverged starkly, not only due to market forces, but at least as much due to government intervention. ; Particularly in German-speaking agrarian historiography, research on rural commons has long been under the spell of their dissolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. As a result, the continuance of such institutions well into the twentieth century or even to the present has remained poorly elucidated. This theme is picked up with respect to northern Tyrol and the Baden Palatinate, which provide an illuminating case for contrasting comparison,since they owed the persistence of commons beyond the alleged watershed around 1800 to rather different natural, settlement, economic and political-juridical conditions. The two regions are first portrayed separately in relation to (1) resource systems and institutional arrangements, (2) processes of change and potentials for conflict and (3) forms of inclusion and exclusion. The last part provides a discussion of parallels and peculiarities along these three dimensions. It becomes clear that both extensive livestock-farming (Tyrol) and cash-cropping (Baden Palatinate) or certain combinations with industrial labour could contribute to the maintenance of collective ownership until the mid-twentieth century. Afterwards, however, the developments diverged starkly, not only due to market forces, but at least as much due to government intervention.

Der seit dem 16. Jahrhundert in der deutschen Sprache gebräuchliche Krisenbegriff erstreckte sich bis ins 18. Jahrhundert ausschließlich auf den Fachbereich der Medizin. Danach wanderte er langsam in die Alltagssprache und bezeichnete Entscheidungssituationen oder Höhepunkte gefährlicher Entwicklungen, vor allem im Gesundheitsbereich (Seuchen) und in der Wirtschaft. Krisen sind in ihren jeweiligen historischen Konstellationen einzigartig und nicht wiederhol- oder vorhersehbar. Wie der Krisenbegriff dennoch erfolgreich in der Geschichtswissenschaft eingesetzt werden kann, illustriert dieser Band.

The last contribution sums up the major results of this volume. It adopts a comparative perspective by relating the various observations to each other and by placing them in the wider context of the recent relevant literature. It makes a case for the German notion 'ländliche Gemeingüter' as an umbrella term analogous to 'rural commons' in English. The following core section of the synthesis is organised according to the analytical framework laid out in the preface. The first part deals with 'resource systems and institutional arrangements'; we then turn to 'inclusion and exclusion' and to corresponding cultures of conflict and consensus; afterwards, the political sphere in the narrow, state-centred sense is illuminated under the heading 'constitutional structures'; we close with a review of those factors which fostered or hampered 'processes of change'. In light of such considerations, we finally identify five dimensions of the study of rural commons that deserve more attention in the future: (1) language and terminology; (2) micro-dynamics and vertical interaction, especially prior to the mid-eighteenth century; (3) the effects of exclusion from common resources on conflicts and social inequality; (4) an agenda beyond the paradigms of tragedy and sustainability; (5) regional research disparities. ; The last contribution sums up the major results of this volume. It adopts a comparative perspective by relating the various observations to each other and by placing them in the wider context of the recent relevant literature. It makes a case for the German notion 'ländliche Gemeingüter' as an umbrella term analogous to 'rural commons' in English. The following core section of the synthesis is organised according to the analytical framework laid out in the preface. The first part deals with 'resource systems and institutional arrangements'; we then turn to 'inclusion and exclusion' and to corresponding cultures of conflict and consensus; afterwards, the political sphere in the narrow, state-centred sense is illuminated under the heading 'constitutional structures'; we close with a review of those factors which fostered or hampered 'processes of change'. In light of such considerations, we finally identify five dimensions of the study of rural commons that deserve more attention in the future: (1) language and terminology; (2) micro-dynamics and vertical interaction, especially prior to the mid-eighteenth century; (3) the effects of exclusion from common resources on conflicts and social inequality; (4) an agenda beyond the paradigms of tragedy and sustainability; (5) regional research disparities.