Suchergebnisse

Pomimo zaangażowania w wojnę z Ukrainą od 2015 roku Rosja konsekwentnie prowadzi działania w ramach prowadzonej polityki zagranicznej i bezpieczeństwa, nie rezygnując z zamiaru ustanawiania i pogłębiania swoich wpływów na obszarze postradzieckim. Bogate instrumentarium, wykorzystywane w ramach kremlowskiej aktywności obejmuje jawne i tajne, militarne i pozawojskowe narzędzia presji, tak w Estonii, jak i pozostałych krajach regionu (Litwa, Łotwa). Zamiarem autorki jest zdefiniowanie głównych sposobów rosyjskiego oddziaływania, z uwzględnieniem tych obszarów funkcjonowania, jak również procesów politycznych, które zasadniczo wpłynęły na możliwości i kierunki rozwoju państwa estońskiego. W artykule wskazane zostały główne instrumenty wpływu, w ramach których dokonano szczegółowej analizy oraz oceny skuteczności wielopłaszczyznowego i dynamicznego procesu tworzenia i umacniania pozycji Rosji jako mocarstwa, wobec terytorium tzw. "bliskiej zagranicy" na przykładzie Estonii.

The subjectivity of human - being and the "J" consciousness have been the subject of reflection for many moralists, theologians, philosophers, psychologists and sociologists as well. One of the reasons of using the word "identity" in the political science language, among others, is its usefulness in many analyses of interactions among subjects of political life. The "national" identity plays a special role in this process. The determinants of identity are symbols, rules, and behaviour, which are a requisite of the sense of community. One year after the EU accession the author analyses some phenomena in Poland in the context of national feelings and their possible transformations in the direction of European society. Analysing the origins of Polish identity and its factors in a new geopolitical situation, the author estimates the essence and character of changes in the Polish society, and studies the possibility of changes in the Polish national consciousness - "a citizen of united Europe".

After regaining independence in 1991, Estonia began rebuilding the country after decades of the control of the Soviet Empire. The assumptions of the systemic transformation were crucial to the reborn state. In addition to the fundamental political, economic, and social changes that have been carried out, they allowed, above all, a geopolitical reconfiguration of the country, enabling a steady rise in the republic's importance in contemporary international relations. The decisions adopted in the 1990s by Estonian governments led to a complete modernization of state management. Aware of their own abilities, the Estonian authorities were on the look-out for optimal ways to create an effective administrative apparatus and to facilitate a rapid economic growth of the state, and to this end they implemented digital solutions. As it was not possible to base one's "strength" on traditional hard power indicators: military, economic or geostrategic potential, it was decided to use soft sources of political influence. Moreover, the necessity to create a new administrative system contributed to the digital development of the state. Contemporary Estonia – equipped with a portfolio of unique soft power resources, is a modern digital state. Dictated by limited human and financial resources, Estonia adopted digitization as the optimal development opportunity, and its success in building an advanced digital society meant that the soft power projection not only strengthened its credibility, but also influenced the preferences of countries (local, regional, state governments) with digital ambitions and those who still want to benefit from the experience of the Estonian e-government.