Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Dedication -- 1 Economic Development: Concept and Measurement -- 1.1 The Concept of Economic Development -- 1.2 Measurement of Economic Growth -- 1.3 The Distribution of Income and Poverty -- 1.4 International Income Comparisons -- 1.5 The Income Gap and Convergence -- 1.6 Composite Development Indicators -- Case Study 1: The Human Development Index: Kenya, Mexico and Canada -- Case Study 2: International Income Comparisons

The article first surveys the debate about poverty measurement and recent poverty alleviation in India by focusing on the main contributions. The question of whether the economic reforms of the 1990s have accelerated or delayed poverty reduction, or possibly contributed to increased poverty, is addressed by using the state-level computations of the Human Development Index (HDI). It is shown that the HDI of the leading and lagging states converge and that the convergence accelerated in the 1990s. A functional relationship between the poverty index and the HDI is established and used to project the debated end-of-1990s poverty head count. The result confirms a slow-down in poverty reduction in the post-reform period.

Resumen.La globalización y las reformas económicas afectan por lo común al sector formal, pues el informal se halla al margen de las normas. Sin embargo, debido a los numerosos nexos que hay entre ambos, también en el sector informal se dejan sentir sus efectos de diversas maneras. El modelo teórico que se utiliza tradicionalmente para entender el impacto de estas fuerzas se basa en la fragmentación del mercado de trabajo y en las migraciones: los trabajadores que son despedidos en el sector formal engrosan la oferta de mano de obra informal, lo cual causa un descenso de los salarios y un aumento de la pobreza. El autor indaga si estos fenómenos se han dado en la India tras las reformas económicas del decenio de 1990, usando para ello un modelo basado en las variaciones de la oferta y de la demanda causadas por la «externización», las transferencias de trabajadores cualificados y las nuevas empresas.

Résumé.La mondialisation et les réformes économiques ont habituellement une incidence sur le secteur formel, tandis que le secteur informel fonctionne en marge de la réglementation. Cependant, les liens multiples qui existent entre eux affectent ce dernier de diverses manières. La segmentation du marché du travail et les migrations étaient traditionnellement utilisées pour expliquer ces effets: les travailleurs licenciés du secteur formel augmentent l'offre de travail informel, d'où une diminution des salaires et un accroissement de la pauvreté. L'auteur examine si cette hypothèse se vérifie en Inde, suite aux réformes économiques des années quatre‐vingt‐dix, et il trouve un modèle plus adapté, reposant à la fois sur l'augmentation de l'offre et de la demande de travail, sous l'action de l'externalisation, des transferts de compétences et de la création d'entreprises.

Abstract.Globalization and economic reforms typically affect the formal sector, the informal sector existing outside regulation. Yet, numerous links between them mean the informal sector is variously affected. Traditionally, the model used to explain the impact of these forces was labour market segmentation and migration: workers laid off in the formal sector increase informal labour supply, leading to wage decline and increased poverty. The author examines whether this pattern applies in India following economic reforms in the 1990s, and finds a more appropriate model, driven by expansion both in labour supply and in demand, through outsourcing, skill transfers and new enterprises.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the structure of protection and incentives in Zaire, first at the beginning of the 1970s and then at the present moment, following the 1983/84 reforms. The study concludes that Zaire's trade and incentive policies counteracted each other and collectively defeated their individual purpose. (DSE)