Este artículo se centra en el análisis y comprensión de las principales motivaciones de las corrientes migratorias de salida de la población colombiana entre 1990 y 2015 a través de un modelo gravitacional, abordando factores económicos, sociales, políticos, culturales y geográficos. El documento se divide en cinco apartados además de la introducción: en el primero se define del marco teórico de referencia; en el segundo se realiza un breve recuento histórico de las migraciones internacionales de la población colombiana; en el tercer apartado se detallan las consideraciones metodológicas, así como las variables y las fuentes de datos; en la cuarta sección se ofrecen los resultados de la aplicación del modelo gravitacional; y por último, se presentan unas reflexiones finales a manera de conclusión. Entre los principales hallazgos de este estudio se subraya que las condiciones socioeconómicas favorables del lugar de destino, un alto nivel educativo y un mayor capital humano acumulado potencian las movilidades; la distancia física, las redes de apoyo y las políticas migratorias juegan un papel preponderante en la configuración de patrones de movilidad; la violencia, la desigualdad, el desempleo y la proximidad lingüística no aparecen como factores determinantes para la emigración, mientras que la relación de colonialidad sí aparece como significativa.
Este artículo se centra en el análisis y comprensión de las principales motivaciones de las corrientes migratorias de salida de la población colombiana entre 1990 y 2015 a través de un modelo gravitacional, abordando factores económicos, sociales, políticos, culturales y geográficos. El documento se divide en cinco apartados además de la introducción: en el primero se define del marco teórico de referencia; en el segundo se realiza un breve recuento histórico de las migraciones internacionales de la población colombiana; en el tercer apartado se detallan las consideraciones metodológicas, así como las variables y las fuentes de datos; en la cuarta sección se ofrecen los resultados de la aplicación del modelo gravitacional; y por último, se presentan unas reflexiones finales a manera de conclusión. Entre los principales hallazgos de este estudio se subraya que las condiciones socioeconómicas favorables del lugar de destino, un alto nivel educativo y un mayor capital humano acumulado potencian las movilidades; la distancia física, las redes de apoyo y las políticas migratorias juegan un papel preponderante en la configuración de patrones de movilidad; la violencia, la desigualdad, el desempleo y la proximidad lingüística no aparecen como factores determinantes para la emigración, mientras que la relación de colonialidad sí aparece como significativa. ; This document centers in the analysis and comprehension of the main motivations and the orientation of the Colombia migration outflow between 1990 and 2015 by means of a gravity model which allows to examine the relationship between economic, social, political, cultural and geographic factors and migration. The main findings were that favorable socioeconomic environmental, high educational level, and raised human capital increase the migrations; physical distance, support networks, and migratory policies have a crucial role in the configuration of mobility patterns, and violence, inequality, unemployment, and linguistic proximity are not determinant factors for emigration, while colonial relationship identified as a significant element in the analysis
This document centers in the analysis and comprehension of the main motivations and the orientation of the Colombia migration outflow between 1990 and 2015 by means of a gravity model which allows to examine the relationship between economic, social, political, cultural and geographic factors and migration. The main findings were that favorable socioeconomic environmental, high educational level, and raised human capital increase the migrations; physical distance, support networks, and migratory policies have a crucial role in the configuration of mobility patterns, and violence, inequality, unemployment, and linguistic proximity are not determinant factors for emigration, while colonial relationship identified as a significant element in the analysis ; Este artículo se centra en el análisis y comprensión de las principales motivaciones de las corrientes migratorias de salida de la población colombiana entre 1990 y 2015 a través de un modelo gravitacional, abordando factores económicos, sociales, políticos, culturales y geográficos. El documento se divide en cinco apartados además de la introducción: en el primero se define del marco teórico de referencia; en el segundo se realiza un breve recuento histórico de las migraciones internacionales de la población colombiana; en el tercer apartado se detallan las consideraciones metodológicas, así como las variables y las fuentes de datos; en la cuarta sección se ofrecen los resultados de la aplicación del modelo gravitacional; y por último, se presentan unas reflexiones finales a manera de conclusión. Entre los principales hallazgos de este estudio se subraya que las condiciones socioeconómicas favorables del lugar de destino, un alto nivel educativo y un mayor capital humano acumulado potencian las movilidades; la distancia física, las redes de apoyo y las políticas migratorias juegan un papel preponderante en la configuración de patrones de movilidad; la violencia, la desigualdad, el desempleo y la proximidad lingüística no aparecen como factores determinantes para la emigración, mientras que la relación de colonialidad sí aparece como significativa. ; Este artigo centra-se na análise e compreensão das principais motivações das correntes migratórias de saída da população colombiana entre 1990 e 2015 através de um modelo gravitacional que permite avaliar a relação entre os fatores econômicos, sociais, políticos, culturais e geográficos com a migração. Entre os principais resultados deste estudo sublinha-se que as condições socioeconômicas favoráveis do lugar de destino, um alto nível educativo e um maior capital humano acumulado potenciam as mobilidades; a distância física, as redes de apoio e as políticas migratórias têm um papel preponderante na configuração de patrões de mobilidade; a violência, a desigualdade, o desemprego e a proximidade linguística não aparecem como fatores determinantes para a emigração, enquanto que a relação de colonialidade sim aparece como significativa.
Durante los últimos lustros se ha registrado un significativo aumento en la producción de literatura que tiene como eje de reflexión a las migraciones, poniendo de manifiesto la importancia de dicha temática y la pertinencia de su estudio. En esta amplia producción bibliográfica se encuentran ingentes esfuerzos por comprender, desde diferentes perspectivas analíticas, las posibles causas y consecuencias del fenómeno migratorio, así como la direccionalidad y composición de los flujos. Esta investigación se centra en el análisis y comprensión de las principales motivaciones y la direccionalidad de las corrientes migratorias de salida de la población colombiana entre 1990 y 2015 a través de la adopción de un modelo gravitacional, abordando factores económicos, sociales, políticos, culturales y geográficos. Adicionalmente, en reconocimiento de los beneficios que otorga la triangulación de información en el desarrollo de una investigación, se realiza el diseño y aplicación de una encuesta con el fin profundizar en algunos aspectos significativos de la migración internacional de colombianos, en busca de obtener una comprensión más integral del fenómeno. El documento se divide en 6 apartados además de la introducción, el primero establece las pautas de análisis a través de la definición del marco teórico de referencia; en el segundo se realiza un breve recuento histórico de las migraciones internacionales de la población colombiana reseñando las oleadas migratorias de mediados de los 60, la de los años 80 y finalmente la de 1990. En el tercer apartado se detallan las consideraciones metodológicas para el desarrollo de la investigación, así como las variables y las fuentes de datos. En el cuarto capítulo se ofrecen los resultados de la aplicación del modelo gravitacional y en la quinta sección se exponen los análisis derivados de las respuestas obtenidas en la encuesta sobre determinantes de la emigración internacional de colombianos. Finalmente, se presentan unas reflexiones a manera de conclusión. ; Abstract: Over the last lustrums, an increase on the literary production with migration as the central axis has been registered, bringing to light the importance of this matter and the importance of its study. In this wide bibliographic production there is a huge effort to understand from different perspectives, the possible causes and consequences of the migratory phenomenon, as well as its flow directionality and composition. This research is centered in the analysis and comprehension of the main motivations and the directionality of the Colombia migration flow between 1990 and 2015 by means of a gravity model, addressing economic, social, political, cultural and geographical factors. In addition, recognizing the benefits that triangulation of data awards to a research development, and with the aim of delve into some significant aspects of Colombians international migration, a survey is designed and applied towards a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. The paper is divided in six parts besides the introduction, the first part establishes the guidelines for analysis through the definition of the theoretical framework; in the second part a short look back at international migration of Colombian population is made, reviewing the migration wave in the middle of the sixties, eighties and nineties. The third part of the paper details the methodological considerations for the research development, as well as the variables and data sources. In the fourth chapter the results of the research and the application of gravity model is given. The fifth part presents the analysis from the responses obtained in the survey applied about the determinants of Colombians international migration and finally, some reflections are presented as a conclusion. ; Maestría
R loops are nucleic acid structures comprising an DNA–RNA hybrid and a displaced single-stranded DNA. These structures may occur transiently during transcription, playing essential biological functions. However, persistent R loops may become pathological as they are important drivers of genome instability and have been associated with human diseases. The mitochondrial degradosome is a functionally conserved complex from bacteria to human mitochondria. It is composed of the ATP-dependent RNA and DNA helicase SUV3 and the PNPase ribonuclease, playing a central role in mitochondrial RNA surveillance and degradation. Here we describe a new role for the mitochondrial degradosome in preventing the accumulation of pathological R loops in the mitochondrial DNA, in addition to preventing dsRNA accumulation. Our data indicate that, similar to the molecular mechanisms acting in the nucleus, RNA surveillance mechanisms in the mitochondria are crucial to maintain its genome integrity by counteracting pathological R-loop accumulation. ; Research was funded by the European Research Council (Grant ERC2014 AdG669898 TARLOOP), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Grants BFU2013-42918-P and BFU2016-75058-P), and the European Union (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional). S.S. was awarded a Juan de la Cierva–Incorporación grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness during part of this study. ; Peer reviewed
This article analyzes the impacts of the National Policy of Special Education in the Inclusive Education Perspective (Política Nacional de Educação Especial na Perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva - PNEEPEI in Portuguese) (2008) in the state of Ceará and in the city of Fortaleza. Bibliographic and documentary research along with examination of the School Census microdata (2010-2017) were conducted regarding enrollment, teachers and schools. The analysis was made in light of dialectical historical materialism, considering the capitalist society divided into antagonistic classes, in which the State / political society, to create and consolidate hegemony, establishes the interrelationship with civil society, which disseminates and articulates elements and influences public policy (GRAMSCI, 2001). In this sense, we sought to understand the different forces present in Brazilian society, which influence the elaboration and implementation of the PNEEPEI. Regarding the School Census, in Ceará and Fortaleza, the results were: increase in the total enrollment of PAEE students in regular education; in relation to Specialized Educational Treatment (Atendimento Educacional Especializado - AEE in Portuguese), there was an increase in the number of students enrolled, teachers, non-exclusive and exclusive schools, but enrollments do not include all special education target audience (Público Alvo da Educação Especial - PAEE in Portuguese) students and there is a shortage of teachers and schools with this service. There have been advances in the inclusion process, but the strength of private institutions is manifested in the expansion of exclusive schools and the partnership established in the organization of the AEE for regular school students, maintaining the parallel system of Special Education. However, it is essential to continue the implementation of the policy and overcome existing contradictions, until guaranteeing the right to education for all PAEE students in the regular school system. ; Este artigo analisa os impactos da Política Nacional de Educação Especial na Perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva (PNEEPEI) (2008) no estado do Ceará e no município de Fortaleza. Foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográficas, documentais e exame dos microdados do Censo Escolar (2010-2017), referentes às matrículas, aos docentes e às escolas. A análise foi feita à luz do materialismo histórico dialético, considerando-se a sociedade capitalista dividida em classes antagônicas, em que o Estado/sociedade política, para criar e consolidar a hegemonia, estabelece a interrelação com a sociedade civil, que dissemina e articula elementos culturais e influencia a política pública (GRAMSCI, 2001). Nesse sentido, buscou-se compreender as diferentes forças presentes na sociedade brasileira, que influenciam a elaboração e a implementação da PNEEPEI. Em relação ao Censo Escolar, no Ceará e em Fortaleza, os resultados foram: aumento das matrículas totais de alunos PAEE no Ensino Regular; em relação ao AEE, houve aumento no número de alunos matriculados, de professores e de escolas, não exclusivas e exclusivas, mas as matrículas não contemplam todos os alunos PAEE e há carência de professores e de escolas com esse atendimento. Houve avanços no processo de inclusão, mas a força das instituições privadas manifesta-se na ampliação das escolas exclusivas e na parceria estabelecida na organização do AEE para alunos da escola regular, mantendo-se o sistema paralelo de Educação Especial. Porém, é fundamental a continuidade na implementação da política e a superação das contradições existentes, até garantir o direito à educação a todos os alunos PAEE na rede regular de ensino.
The maintenance of genomic stability requires the coordination of multiple cellular tasks upon the appearance of DNA lesions. RNA editing, the post-transcriptional sequence alteration of RNA, has a profound effect on cell homeostasis, but its implication in the response to DNA damage was not previously explored. Here we show that, in response to DNA breaks, an overall change of the Adenosine-to-Inosine RNA editing is observed, a phenomenon we call the RNA Editing DAmage Response (REDAR). REDAR relies on the checkpoint kinase ATR and the recombination factor CtIP. Moreover, depletion of the RNA editing enzyme ADAR2 renders cells hypersensitive to genotoxic agents, increases genomic instability and hampers homologous recombination by impairing DNA resection. Such a role of ADAR2 in DNA repair goes beyond the recoding of specific transcripts, but depends on ADAR2 editing DNA:RNA hybrids to ease their dissolution. ; This work was funded by an R + D + I grant from the Agencia Estatal de Investigación PID2019-104195GB-I00/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (P.H.), R + D + I grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2016-74855-P to P.H. and BFU2016-75058-P to A.A.), the European Research Council (ERC2014 AdG669898 TARLOOP to A.A.), the Associazione Italiana Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC (AIRC IG 22080 to A.G.), The Swedish Research Council (grants 2015-04553 to N.V.), The Swedish Cancer Society (grant CAN 2016/460 to N.V.) and the European Union (FEDER). AR is, and FM-N and RP-C were, funded with FPU fellowships from the Spanish Ministry of Education and S.S. by a Juan de la Cierva contract from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. J.D.P. and M.E-C. were supported by the Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute at Stockholm University. J.D-P. and R.P-C. were recipients of short-term EMBO fellowships (STF- 7513-2018 and STF-7764-2018). The mutational results shown here are in whole or part based upon the data generated by the TCGA Research Network: https://www.cancer.gov/tcga. All the bioinformatic analyses were performed using custom scripts that were run on the High performance computing cluster provided by the Centro Informático Cienti ́fico de Andalucía (CICA). CABIMER is supported by the regional government of Andalucia (Junta de Andalucía).
