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In the face of climate change and the scarcity of a certain number of resources, biotic and abiotic stresses are increasingly frequent and new strategies must be implemented in the study of plant development and functioning. Water and carbon resources are major determinants of fruit growth, and quantifying them at variable temporal and spatial scales is a major challenge. Among the many methods used to quantify their flows, most are destructive or indirect. The democratization of anon-invasive technology based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) giving access to precise measurements of flows, both in quality and quantity, in the plant, would allow to overcome the limits of current approaches in plant ecophysiology. This work focuses on the tomato, a model plant and the second most consumed fruit in the world. The main objective of this thesis work was to develop and apply MRI methods to measure water fluxes in the tomato plant. The second objective was to couple these MRI investigations to histological approaches in order to evaluate the structurefunction links of conductive tissues. The third challenge was to use modeling as a tool for integrating the acquired knowledge in order to identify anatomical and functional traits potentially involved in the genetic and environmental plasticity of flow determinants. In response to these questions, we combined histological measurements at different plant scales (pedicel and stem), MRIexperiments performed on a 9.4T MRI scanner and tomato ecophysiological modeling to integrate the results. We showed that the high genetic and water deficit-induced variability of the surface of the conductive tissues at the fruit entry partially explained the variability of fresh and dry mass of the fruits. A flow-MRI method based on the inflow principle was developed and then applied at different levels of the main stem and to study the plant's response to water deficit. We demonstrateda reduction in xylem flow along the main stem due to a decrease in the active surface area from the ...

In the face of climate change and the scarcity of a certain number of resources, biotic and abiotic stresses are increasingly frequent and new strategies must be implemented in the study of plant development and functioning. Water and carbon resources are major determinants of fruit growth, and quantifying them at variable temporal and spatial scales is a major challenge. Among the many methods used to quantify their flows, most are destructive or indirect. The democratization of anon-invasive technology based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) giving access to precise measurements of flows, both in quality and quantity, in the plant, would allow to overcome the limits of current approaches in plant ecophysiology. This work focuses on the tomato, a model plant and the second most consumed fruit in the world. The main objective of this thesis work was to develop and apply MRI methods to measure water fluxes in the tomato plant. The second objective was to couple these MRI investigations to histological approaches in order to evaluate the structurefunction links of conductive tissues. The third challenge was to use modeling as a tool for integrating the acquired knowledge in order to identify anatomical and functional traits potentially involved in the genetic and environmental plasticity of flow determinants. In response to these questions, we combined histological measurements at different plant scales (pedicel and stem), MRIexperiments performed on a 9.4T MRI scanner and tomato ecophysiological modeling to integrate the results. We showed that the high genetic and water deficit-induced variability of the surface of the conductive tissues at the fruit entry partially explained the variability of fresh and dry mass of the fruits. A flow-MRI method based on the inflow principle was developed and then applied at different levels of the main stem and to study the plant's response to water deficit. We demonstrateda reduction in xylem flow along the main stem due to a decrease in the active surface area from the ...

Suicide prevention is a complex problem of public health that defies the administrative capacity of most States. To help States address this problem, the World Health Organization has developed guidelines to orient governments in the collaborative construction of a national strategy of suicide prevention. The objective of the present article is to analyze the Chilean State's response in suicide prevention between 2013 and 2021 using the collaborative governance approach. Working with the principal official documents, I use content analysis to trace the deliberative process on relevant information and the efforts to build a shared understanding of the problem (i.e., high suicide rate) and its causes. In conclusion, for the period 2013-2021, the governance of suicide prevention in Chile is similar to a collaborative governance regime with a distant relation to stakeholders. It is based in the National Program of Suicide Prevention, designed by the Health Ministry at the national level. Even when it recognizes the importance of an intersectoral approach, the advances are limited although it has improved since 2019. Collaboration with non-governmental stakeholders is inexistent. Since 2017, the integration of the social determinants of health into the National Plan of Mental Health now favors actions to strengthen community and social protective factors, key for suicide prevention. ; La prevención de suicidio es un problema complejo de salud pública que desafía la capacidad administrativa de la mayoría de los Estados. Para aportar al mejoramiento, la Organización Mundial de Salud busca orientar a los gobiernos en la construcción colaborativa de una estrategia nacional de prevención de suicidio. El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar la respuesta pública del Estado chileno en la prevención del suicidio desde el enfoque de gobernanza colaborativa en el periodo 2013-2021. A partir del análisis de contenido de los principales documentos oficiales, se traza la deliberación sobre la información relevante y los esfuerzos para construir una comprensión compartida del problema (i.e. alta tasa de suicidio) y sus causas. En conclusión, por el periodo 2013-2021, la gobernanza de la prevención de suicidio en Chile se asemeja a un régimen de gobernanza colaborativa que es distante con los actores involucrados. Se centra en el Programa Nacional de Prevención del Suicidio, diseñado por el Ministerio de Salud al nivel central. A pesar del reconocimiento de la importancia de un enfoque intersectorial, los avances son limitados, aunque se observa un impulso a partir de 2019. La colaboración con actores no-gubernamentales es casi inexistente. A partir de 2017, la integración del enfoque de determinantes sociales de salud a la Plan Nacional de Salud Mental permite abordar factores protectores comunitarios y sociales, claves en la prevención del suicidio.

Can the private or public sector provide the conditions necessary to mitigate the impoverishment associated with relocation caused by induced development in indigenous communities? This article studies the impacts generated by the construction of a hydroelectric dam on the social development, health, and culture of the Pehuenche Indians in Alto Bío Bío, Chile. Dam construction resulted in the resettlement of 77 indigenous families from their ancestral lands to two new communities. The mitigation program has provided the affected families better material conditions, with a new house, potable water, and a sewage system. Unfortunately, the process does not contemplate the immaterial aspects, creating a situation of greater vulnerability and social exclusion. Among the impacts observed are the community's lack of self-determination, community atomization, irregular practice of traditional ceremonies, alcoholism, and a feeling of incapacity with respect to change.

Como reacción a la contaminación del lago Villarrica, actores territoriales se movilizaron para exigir mayor protección ambiental. En respuesta, el gobierno chileno estableció un proceso colaborativo para elaborar el Plan de Descontaminación Ambiental. No obstante, el proceso no logró responder a las expectativas de las organizaciones territoriales, generando un cuestionamiento público hacia el Plan y a las motivaciones del gobierno. Para reducir la brecha entre la teoría y la práctica de gobernanza, se propone una metodología para analizar el proceso de gobernanza colaborativa realizado. Se concluye con recomendaciones para lograr mejores resultados y legitimidad.

This paper explores the tensions generated in Chilean politics by Mapuche responses to the promotion of development and the protection of indigenous rights since the end of the military dictatorship in 1990. Working within the norm diffusion model, the present paper will analyze the concept "Indigenous Development" existing at the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues and its incorporation into government policy for the period 2008-2011, considering its interaction with the national political context. The first section analyzes the transformation of the United Nations position on indigenous peoples, then characterizes the notion of indigenous development and the norm diffusion model. We then analyze government reports to the United Nations' Universal Periodic Review, International Labor Organization, and the United National Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues to identify the advances. We conclude with a discussion of the tensions present in Chile.

The Chilean province of Concepción was little prepared for the impact of the earthquake and subsequent tsunami that took place on February 27, 2010. Because of the destruction of roads and bridges, the power outage, and ineffective communication, each neighborhood was essentially left to fend for itself with virtually no assistance from local and provincial authorities. Within the first 24 hours, panic hit, with stores being looted and local politicians calling for a military presence, and neighbors joined together to protect their property from looting gangs, even in the poorest neighborhoods. Most of these committees were not based on the traditional neighborhood councils that had emerged since the return to electoral democracy in 1990. In the emergency camps established by families that had lost their houses, the new leaders established a more autonomous and horizontal leadership style in their search for decent living conditions and a definitive housing solution. At first glance, these new leaders appear to be a return to the autonomous popular organizations that emerged during the dictatorship but were demobilized under electoral democracy. Ironically, the earthquake and the new center-right government seem to have offered a political opportunity for the reemergence of a more autonomous civil society. La provincia chilena de Concepción estuvo poco preparada por el impacto del terremoto y el posterior tsunami que ocurrió el 27 de febrero de 2010. Debido a la destrucción de caminos y puentes, el apagón, y la comunicación ineficaz, cada barrio fue esencialmente librado a su suerte prácticamente sin asistencia de las autoridades locales y provinciales. Dentro de las primeras 24 horas cundió el pánico, con saqueos de las tiendas y llamados de los políticos locales por una presencia militar, y vecinos juntándose para proteger su propiedad de las bandas de saqueo, aún en los barrios más pobres. La mayoría de estos comités no estaban basados en los tradicionales consejos barriales que habían surgido desde el retorno de la democracia electoral en 1990. En los campamentos de emergencia establecidos por las familias que habían perdido sus casas, nuevos líderes crearon un estilo de liderazgo más autónomo y horizontal en la búsqueda de condiciones decentes de vida y una solución definitiva sobre la vivienda. A primera vista, estos nuevos líderes parecen representar un retorno a las organizaciones autónomas populares que surgieron durante la dictadura pero que fueron desmovilizados bajo la democracia electoral. Irónicamente, el terremoto y el nuevo gobierno de centro-derecha parecen haber brindado una oportunidad política para la reemergencia de una sociedad civil más autónoma.

RESUMENEl presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los desafíos de la política habitacional chilena, en torno a la generación de capital social en barrios vulnerables. Se plantea la necesidad de complementar los actuales sistemas de evaluación y diseño de las políticas urbanas y habitacionales, desde el enfoque integral del capital social.Palabras clave: Capital social- barrios - política social - política habitacional.Construção de capital social em bairros vulneráveis: Um desafio emergente para a política habitacionalRESUMOO presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar os desafios da política habitacional chilena, em torno da geração de capital social em bairros vulneráveis. Propõe-se a necessidade de complementar os atuais sistemas de avaliação e desenho das políticas urbanas e habitacionais, desde o enfoque integral do capital social.Palavras chave: Capital social - bairros - política social - política habitacional.Building social capital in disadvantaged neighborhoods: An emerging challenge for housing policyABSTRACTThis article aims to analyze the challenges of the Chilean housing policy around the creation of social capital in disadvantaged neighborhoods. It expresses the need to supplement current systems of evaluation and design of urban and housing policies from the comprehensive approach of social capital.Key Words: Social capital - neighborhoods - social policy - housing policy.

En América Latina, emergen controversias en territorios rurales sobre proyectos de desarrollo que a menudo se transforman en conflictos, debido a sus efectos ecológicos, materiales, económicos, sociales y culturales. Para reconstruir las controversias acerca de la promoción estatal de la acuicultura sustentable, se describen los marcos interpretativos que se ponen en juego entre los actores regionales. Este estudio se basó en un análisis sociológico del discurso de tipo hermenéutico de las respuestas orales a las preguntas abiertas originadas en la aplicación de un cuestionario estructurado, mediante entrevistas individuales cara a cara, a 27 informantes clave de las regiones del Biobío y de Ñuble en el centro-sur de Chile en el año 2018. En estos territorios rurales del centro-sur de Chile, la controversia sobre la acuicultura es más social que ambiental. Se relaciona con dos marcos o modalidades de interpretación de la acuicultura sustentable y que se enraízan y legitiman por los actores territoriales; un marco enfatiza la acuicultura como una promesa de bienestar a través de nuevas actividades; otro significa la acuicultura en cuanto una actividad económico-política que no solo es cuestionable por su falta de generación de valor socioeconómico en el territorio, sino que involucra las decisiones de los modos de vida futuros. Una historia extractivista, combinada con la ambigüedad del Estado, parece limitar las opciones imaginadas al menos en sus marcos de interpretación; en territorios rurales con un pasado reciente de extractivismo, la promoción estatal de acuicultura seguirá siendo controversial si no se logra generar valor local.

This paper evaluates the feasibility of establishing a multiple-use marine protected area. The methodology was applied to evaluate three proposed sites in Chile with diverse conservation needs, social stress and poverty levels, and different economic activities (small-scale fishing, heavy industry, and mining activities). We use two broad categories for the evaluation: socio-economic and political–institutional. The methodology uses a combination of secondary data with personal interviews, workshops, and focus groups with stakeholders (e.g., fishermen, unions, politicians, social organizations) from different political, social, and economic backgrounds to characterize current and potential natural and social resources and to evaluate in an ordinal scale the feasibility of establishing the protected area. The methodology allows us to correctly identify the challenges faced in each site and can be used to develop appropriate strategies for balancing economic, social, and environmental objectives. This methodology can be replicated to evaluate the feasibility of other marine or terrestrial protected areas.