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The doctoral dissertation analyses the factors influencing the personalization of leaders of Lithuanian political parties. The factors are divided into three sets of variables: leaders, political parties and the political system. Variables of the party leader analyse the openness and competitiveness of the election of party leaders, formal and informal powers and roles of party leaders, public speaking on behalf of the party and electoral results. Variables of the political party reveal the age and origins of the party, party organizational models, i.e., whether the party passed through a model of mass party organization, ideological radicalism of political party and the nature of the relationship between parties and their voters. Variables of the political system are discussed through the change of the society and its values on individualism – collectivism axis, the structure of government, the electoral system and the institutionalization of the party system. Empirical research is based on semi-structured interviews with party leaders and other parties' members involved in party decision-making in Labour party, Lithuanian Social Democratic Party, Liberal Movement of Lithuania's Republic, Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union, Homeland Union-Lithuanian Christian Democrats and Party Order and Justice. The qualitative comparative analysis examines the determinants of personalization of political leadership. The empirical research revealed that the main factors determining the personalization of leaders of Lithuanian political parties are non-competitive election of the party leader, a monocratic decision making within the party and the age of the party.

The doctoral dissertation analyses the factors influencing the personalization of leaders of Lithuanian political parties. The factors are divided into three sets of variables: leaders, political parties and the political system. Variables of the party leader analyse the openness and competitiveness of the election of party leaders, formal and informal powers and roles of party leaders, public speaking on behalf of the party and electoral results. Variables of the political party reveal the age and origins of the party, party organizational models, i.e., whether the party passed through a model of mass party organization, ideological radicalism of political party and the nature of the relationship between parties and their voters. Variables of the political system are discussed through the change of the society and its values on individualism – collectivism axis, the structure of government, the electoral system and the institutionalization of the party system. Empirical research is based on semi-structured interviews with party leaders and other parties' members involved in party decision-making in Labour party, Lithuanian Social Democratic Party, Liberal Movement of Lithuania's Republic, Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union, Homeland Union-Lithuanian Christian Democrats and Party Order and Justice. The qualitative comparative analysis examines the determinants of personalization of political leadership. The empirical research revealed that the main factors determining the personalization of leaders of Lithuanian political parties are non-competitive election of the party leader, a monocratic decision making within the party and the age of the party.

The doctoral dissertation analyses the factors influencing the personalization of leaders of Lithuanian political parties. The factors are divided into three sets of variables: leaders, political parties and the political system. Variables of the party leader analyse the openness and competitiveness of the election of party leaders, formal and informal powers and roles of party leaders, public speaking on behalf of the party and electoral results. Variables of the political party reveal the age and origins of the party, party organizational models, i.e., whether the party passed through a model of mass party organization, ideological radicalism of political party and the nature of the relationship between parties and their voters. Variables of the political system are discussed through the change of the society and its values on individualism – collectivism axis, the structure of government, the electoral system and the institutionalization of the party system. Empirical research is based on semi-structured interviews with party leaders and other parties' members involved in party decision-making in Labour party, Lithuanian Social Democratic Party, Liberal Movement of Lithuania's Republic, Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union, Homeland Union-Lithuanian Christian Democrats and Party Order and Justice. The qualitative comparative analysis examines the determinants of personalization of political leadership. The empirical research revealed that the main factors determining the personalization of leaders of Lithuanian political parties are non-competitive election of the party leader, a monocratic decision making within the party and the age of the party.

The doctoral dissertation analyses the factors influencing the personalization of leaders of Lithuanian political parties. The factors are divided into three sets of variables: leaders, political parties and the political system. Variables of the party leader analyse the openness and competitiveness of the election of party leaders, formal and informal powers and roles of party leaders, public speaking on behalf of the party and electoral results. Variables of the political party reveal the age and origins of the party, party organizational models, i.e., whether the party passed through a model of mass party organization, ideological radicalism of political party and the nature of the relationship between parties and their voters. Variables of the political system are discussed through the change of the society and its values on individualism – collectivism axis, the structure of government, the electoral system and the institutionalization of the party system. Empirical research is based on semi-structured interviews with party leaders and other parties' members involved in party decision-making in Labour party, Lithuanian Social Democratic Party, Liberal Movement of Lithuania's Republic, Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union, Homeland Union-Lithuanian Christian Democrats and Party Order and Justice. The qualitative comparative analysis examines the determinants of personalization of political leadership. The empirical research revealed that the main factors determining the personalization of leaders of Lithuanian political parties are non-competitive election of the party leader, a monocratic decision making within the party and the age of the party.

Consociational democracy and its main purpose to create a stable democracy in deeply divided societies is the talking point among political scientists and politicians who want to consolidate regimes in conflicted countries. Together with the growing interest for consociational democracy comes a problem, when theories which were created on the basis of some model societies are tried to apply to societies which are very different in nature to the first ones. Because of this situation, there is a need to revise the theory and the challenges of consociationalism. A comprehensive evaluation of the perspectives and favorable conditions of consociationalism demands further analysis in this field. Trying to point out this problem, there was made an analysis of the main elements of consociationalism as well as the impact of favorable conditions for implementation of consociationalism in deeply divided societies and the implementation of consociationalism in Switzerland. The main finding of this article is that favorable conditions have more importance than it was first assumed by A. Lijphart in late 1970s. As a result there is strong evidence that the combination of such favorable conditions as the traditions of elite accommodation and segmental isolation has a great importance on success of consociationalism. Moreover, it can be assumed that plenty of favorable conditions caused successful implementation of consociationalism in Switzerland.

Consociational democracy and its main purpose to create a stable democracy in deeply divided societies is the talking point among political scientists and politicians who want to consolidate regimes in conflicted countries. Together with the growing interest for consociational democracy comes a problem, when theories which were created on the basis of some model societies are tried to apply to societies which are very different in nature to the first ones. Because of this situation, there is a need to revise the theory and the challenges of consociationalism. A comprehensive evaluation of the perspectives and favorable conditions of consociationalism demands further analysis in this field. Trying to point out this problem, there was made an analysis of the main elements of consociationalism as well as the impact of favorable conditions for implementation of consociationalism in deeply divided societies and the implementation of consociationalism in Switzerland. The main finding of this article is that favorable conditions have more importance than it was first assumed by A. Lijphart in late 1970s. As a result there is strong evidence that the combination of such favorable conditions as the traditions of elite accommodation and segmental isolation has a great importance on success of consociationalism. Moreover, it can be assumed that plenty of favorable conditions caused successful implementation of consociationalism in Switzerland.

Consociational democracy and its main purpose to create a stable democracy in deeply divided societies is the talking point among political scientists and politicians who want to consolidate regimes in conflicted countries. Together with the growing interest for consociational democracy comes a problem, when theories which were created on the basis of some model societies are tried to apply to societies which are very different in nature to the first ones. Because of this situation, there is a need to revise the theory and the challenges of consociationalism. A comprehensive evaluation of the perspectives and favorable conditions of consociationalism demands further analysis in this field. Trying to point out this problem, there was made an analysis of the main elements of consociationalism as well as the impact of favorable conditions for implementation of consociationalism in deeply divided societies and the implementation of consociationalism in Switzerland. The main finding of this article is that favorable conditions have more importance than it was first assumed by A. Lijphart in late 1970s. As a result there is strong evidence that the combination of such favorable conditions as the traditions of elite accommodation and segmental isolation has a great importance on success of consociationalism. Moreover, it can be assumed that plenty of favorable conditions caused successful implementation of consociationalism in Switzerland.

This article analyses interest groups in the agricultural sector in Lithuania, and compares them with the rest of the population of interest groups across other sectors at the national level. The analysis is based on data from the International Comparative Interest Group Survey (CIGS). A survey of organizations representing various interests was carried out from September to November 2016, and covered all Lithuanian interest organizations operating at the national level. The survey was designed to clarify the development of these organizations, their daily activities, and their applied strategies, as well as identifying the challenges they face. In accordance with this study, the aim of this article is to identify the profile and specificity of interest groups in the field of agricultural policy. The data showed that the share of agricultural interest groups is one of the largest amongst the rest of the population of Lithuanian national interest groups, but the number of members of this sector's interest groups is lower than average. In the agricultural sector, interest groups are distinguished by the fact that they are clearly dominated by sectoral associations – one of the types of business groups. The Lithuanian agricultural interest organizations that were analysed apply both direct and indirect pressure strategies equally, but they are more likely than other organizations to contact the representatives of the state bureaucratic apparatus. These are predominantly bureaucrats working in ministries and ministers themselves, although it has to be mentioned that members of the Seimas were also frequently in contact with the Lithuanian agricultural interest organizations under study. ; Straipsnyje analizuojamos Lietuvos žemės ūkio sektoriuje veikiančios interesų grupės, jos lyginamos su visa nacionalinio lygmens interesų grupių populiacija. Analizė atlikta remiantis tarptautinio empirinio lyginamojo interesų grupių tyrimo (angl. Comparative Interest Group Survey – CIGS) duomenimis. 2016 m. rugsėjį–lapkritį Lietuvoje atlikta įvairiems interesams atstovaujančių organizacijų apklausa apėmė visas Lietuvos interesų organizacijas, veikiančias nacionaliniu mastu, ir buvo skirta išsiaiškinti šių organizacijų raidą, jų taikomas viešosios politikos poveikio strategijas bei identifikuoti iššūkius, su kuriais šios organizacijos susiduria. Remiantis atlikto tyrimo duomenimis, šiame straipsnyje siekiama identifikuoti žemės ūkio politikos srityje veikiančių interesų grupių profilį ir specifiką. Duomenys parodė, kad žemės ūkio srityje veikiančių interesų grupių dalis yra viena didžiausių bendroje Lietuvos nacionalinių interesų grupių populiacijoje, tačiau šio sektoriaus interesų grupės narių skaičiumi yra mažesnės nei visos populiacijos vidurkis. Žemės ūkio sektoriuje veikiančios interesų grupės išsiskiria tuo, kad jame aiškiai dominuoja sektorinės asociacijos, kurios yra vienas iš verslo grupių tipų. Tyrime dalyvavusios Lietuvos žemės ūkio interesų organizacijos taiko tiek tiesiogines, tiek netiesiogines viešosios politikos poveikio strategijas, tačiau dažniau yra linkusios kontaktuoti su valstybės biurokratinio aparato atstovais, t. y. valstybės tarnautojais, dirbančiais ministerijose, taip pat ir ministrais. Paminėta ir tai, kad Lietuvos žemės ūkio sektoriuje veikiančios interesų grupės siekia daryti poveikį ir įstatymui leidžiamajai valdžiai, t. y. Seimo nariams.

This article analyses interest groups in the agricultural sector in Lithuania, and compares them with the rest of the population of interest groups across other sectors at the national level. The analysis is based on data from the International Comparative Interest Group Survey (CIGS). A survey of organizations representing various interests was carried out from September to November 2016, and covered all Lithuanian interest organizations operating at the national level. The survey was designed to clarify the development of these organizations, their daily activities, and their applied strategies, as well as identifying the challenges they face. In accordance with this study, the aim of this article is to identify the profile and specificity of interest groups in the field of agricultural policy. The data showed that the share of agricultural interest groups is one of the largest amongst the rest of the population of Lithuanian national interest groups, but the number of members of this sector's interest groups is lower than average. In the agricultural sector, interest groups are distinguished by the fact that they are clearly dominated by sectoral associations – one of the types of business groups. The Lithuanian agricultural interest organizations that were analysed apply both direct and indirect pressure strategies equally, but they are more likely than other organizations to contact the representatives of the state bureaucratic apparatus. These are predominantly bureaucrats working in ministries and ministers themselves, although it has to be mentioned that members of the Seimas were also frequently in contact with the Lithuanian agricultural interest organizations under study

The article is focused on the development of Lithuanian political parties and political campaign funding in the context of parties' relationship with society and the state. First, it describes the position of parties in the society-state continuum through analysing party organization models (cadres, mass, catch-all and cartel) and party funding sources that developed in-line with these models. Second, the article provides a detailed analysis of Lithuanian political parties and political campaign funding legislation and their gradual development from narrow and loose regulation in early nineties into broad and strict starting 2011. Third, it gives the analysis of major eight Lithuanian political parties' revenue between 2008 and 2014. The article provides the analysis of and insights into development of party funding sources throughout the years and the influence of these changes to parties' relationship with society and the state.

The article is focused on the development of Lithuanian political parties and political campaign funding in the context of parties' relationship with society and the state. First, it describes the position of parties in the society-state continuum through analysing party organization models (cadres, mass, catch-all and cartel) and party funding sources that developed in-line with these models. Second, the article provides a detailed analysis of Lithuanian political parties and political campaign funding legislation and their gradual development from narrow and loose regulation in early nineties into broad and strict starting 2011. Third, it gives the analysis of major eight Lithuanian political parties' revenue between 2008 and 2014. The article provides the analysis of and insights into development of party funding sources throughout the years and the influence of these changes to parties' relationship with society and the state.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.15.1.14701 ; Šio straipsnio1 tikslas – įvertinti politinių partijų ir politinių kampanijų finansavimo kaitą partijų santykių su visuomene ir valstybe kontekste. Pirmiausia, remiantis partijų organizacijos – kadrų, masinės, visuotinės ir kartelio – modeliais, aptariama partijų vieta tarp visuomenės ir valstybės ir su šiais modeliais atsirandantys partijų finansavimo šaltiniai. Antra, pateikiama Lietuvos politinių partijų ir politinių kampanijų finansavimą reglamentuojančių teisės aktų ir jų nuostatų kaitos analizė. Trečia, pristatoma aštuonių partijų 2008–2014 m. metinių pajamų ir politinių kampanijų analizė. Vertinama, kaip kito partijų finansavimo šaltiniai ir kokią įtaką šie pokyčiai turėjo partijų santykiams su valstybe ir visuomene.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.15.1.14701

The article is focused on the development of Lithuanian political parties and political campaign funding in the context of parties' relationship with society and the state. First, it describes the position of parties in the society-state continuum through analysing party organization models (cadres, mass, catch-all and cartel) and party funding sources that developed in-line with these models. Second, the article provides a detailed analysis of Lithuanian political parties and political campaign funding legislation and their gradual development from narrow and loose regulation in early nineties into broad and strict starting 2011. Third, it gives the analysis of major eight Lithuanian political parties' revenue between 2008 and 2014. The article provides the analysis of and insights into development of party funding sources throughout the years and the influence of these changes to parties' relationship with society and the state.

The article is focused on the development of Lithuanian political parties and political campaign funding in the context of parties' relationship with society and the state. First, it describes the position of parties in the society-state continuum through analysing party organization models (cadres, mass, catch-all and cartel) and party funding sources that developed in-line with these models. Second, the article provides a detailed analysis of Lithuanian political parties and political campaign funding legislation and their gradual development from narrow and loose regulation in early nineties into broad and strict starting 2011. Third, it gives the analysis of major eight Lithuanian political parties' revenue between 2008 and 2014. The article provides the analysis of and insights into development of party funding sources throughout the years and the influence of these changes to parties' relationship with society and the state.

The article is focused on the development of Lithuanian political parties and political campaign funding in the context of parties' relationship with society and the state. First, it describes the position of parties in the society-state continuum through analysing party organization models (cadres, mass, catch-all and cartel) and party funding sources that developed in-line with these models. Second, the article provides a detailed analysis of Lithuanian political parties and political campaign funding legislation and their gradual development from narrow and loose regulation in early nineties into broad and strict starting 2011. Third, it gives the analysis of major eight Lithuanian political parties' revenue between 2008 and 2014. The article provides the analysis of and insights into development of party funding sources throughout the years and the influence of these changes to parties' relationship with society and the state.