Suchergebnisse

Our paper presents the results of a study which was conducted between 2016 and 2019 in a high school in Budapest. The research attempted to measure the impact of the Haver Foundation's activities on high-school students. The Foundation implements activities about Jewish identity, thus we intended to see whether the different activities of the Foundation changed the attitudes of high-school students, and whether they affected the formers' level of knowledge and the associations they make with Jews. In line with the sensitivity and complexity of the research topic, and in order to create the broadest analytical framework, we followed several classes in a longitudinal setting by triangulating our methods. Results confirm the importance of these activities, especially with regard to the increase in the level of knowledge about Jews and Judaism. They also indicate that there is a need for such informal settings in high-school education. However, more extensive research needs to be carried out to obtain more accurate results about the reduction of prejudices.

Our research was aimed at exploring the different layers of trust with regard to Airbnb services, as well as the practices of discrimination on the platform. The fieldwork was carried out in the first half of 2020, partly before and partly after the COVID-19 related interventions, which significantly affected life in Budapest from mid-March 2020 onwards. A total of 21 semi-structured interviews were carried out, supplemented with online discourse analysis. Our empirical analysis revealed that most of our interviewees displayed positive attitudes towards Airbnb, but our online discourse analysis showed that there are rather mixed attitudes towards the company. Considering the platform from an employment perspective, certain elements of precarious working conditions were identified. When it comes to different layers of trust, we point out that interpersonal trust between guests and hosts is crucial, resulting in positive experiences for hosts in many ways. We found social trust in Airbnb to be more ambiguous, as some interviewees claimed to have concerns with regard to its effect on the housing market. Finally, distributed trust on the platform seemed significant, as ratings often serve as a means of predicting guests' trustworthiness. Most of the hosts we interviewed were aware of the fact that discrimination is not tolerated at all by the platform, so it is not surprising that we could hardly identify any cases of overt discrimination; however, latent forms of discrimination and negative attitudes as well as stereotypes that were formed by the hosts in relation to numerous nationalities and minorities were explored in our empirical research.

2020 elején a magyarországi helyi önkormányzati hivatalok körében kontrollált terepkísérletet végeztünk annak céljából, hogy feltárjuk az online ügyintézés során esetlegesen előforduló hivatali diszkrimináció nyílt és burkolt formáit. Összesen 1270 e-mailben egy hétköznapi ügyintézéssel kapcsolatban fogalmaztunk meg egyszerű kérdéseket magas és alacsony státuszú roma és nem roma ügyfelek "bőrébe bújva". A nemzetközi eredményekkel összhangban a válaszok arányában nem, de a válaszok tartalmi jellemzőiben jelentősebb eltéréseket találtunk az elsődleges kísérleti változó, az etnicitás mentén. A másodlagos kísérleti változóként bevezetett társadalmi státusz mutató hatása ugyanakkor mind a válaszok arányában, mind a többi tartalmi indikátor mentén statisztikailag igazolódott. A válasz-e-mailek gépi tanulásra épülő elemzése is alátámasztotta, hogy a közhivatalnokok különbséget tesznek ügyfeleik vélt státusza szerint, míg a vélt etnicitás vonatkozásában jóval kisebb fokú ez a különbségtétel. Összehasonlítva az etnicitás és a státusz hatását, fontos hangsúlyozni, hogy az etnicitás mentén a válaszok nyelvi megformálását tekintve csak árnyalatnyi különbség látszott; ugyanakkor a státusz szerinti különbségtétel a figyelmen kívül hagyásban is érvényesült, és nyelvileg is explicitebb módon jelent meg, ezért ennek hatása világosan detektálható volt a gépi szövegelemzés segítségével is. Összhangban Bartoš és szerzőtársai (2016) által a bérlakáspiacon megjelenő figyelemdiszkriminációként leírt jelenséggel, az önkormányzati ügyintézés során is azonosítottuk tehát az alacsony státuszú kísérleti személyek kérdéseinek gyengébb minőségű megválaszolását.

We analysed determinants of willingness to help using a factorial survey approach (n=405 individuals, n=5937 vignettes). We tested the effect of situational characteristics and how characteristics of the bystander and the person in need influence willingness to help in hypothetical situations within the framework of a cost-reward model. We found that the situation itself has the strongest effect: willingness to help was strongest when the net gain of helping was positive, whereas it was weaker in situations when the cost of helping and cost of not receiving help were equal. These results provide support for the cost-reward model of helping and illustrate that the factorial survey approach could supplement or in some cases replace more widely used experimental methods (laboratory or field experiments).

AbstractTo what extent can civil rights NGOs protect ethnic minorities against unequal treatment? We study this question by combining an audit experiment of 1260 local governments in Hungary with an intervention conducted in collaboration with a major Hungarian civil rights NGO. In the audit experiment we demonstrated that Roma individuals were about 13 percent-points less likely to receive responses to information requests from local governments, and the responses they received were of substantially lower quality. The intervention that reminded a random subset of local governments of their legal responsibility of equal treatment led to a short-term reduction in their discriminatory behavior, but the effects of the intervention dissipated within a month. These findings suggest that civil rights NGOs might face substantive difficulties in trying to reduce discrimination through simple information campaigns.

This chapter explains the rationale behind the book. It provides basic definitions of the concept of the sharing economy as well as the primary meanings related to the subject of the analysis undertaken in the subsequent chapters. This Introduction also includes a description of the main benefits of the analysis of the sharing economy from a European perspective. It highlights that the idea of the book emerged from the collaboration of most co-authors in the COST Action CA16121 'From Sharing to Caring: Examining Socio-Technical Aspects of the Collaborative Economy.' Finally, the outline of the book is presented, providing a description of the content of each chapter within this academic collection.

The chapter is the final one in the volume of collected papers aiming to discuss the sharing economy in Europe. The idea of the book emerged within the research network created by the COST Action CA16121 'From Sharing to Caring: Examining Socio-Technical Aspects of the Collaborative Economy.' The authors of the chapter sum up theoretical and empirical materials as well as country-specific cases provided in the book. The article critically assesses the current status of the sharing economy in European countries by highlighting major controversial issues related to deregulation, market disruption, or social inequality. The authors conclude that, considering the comprehensive and up-to-date materials collected and analysed in the book, it may become an outstanding source of knowledge and a practical tool in the process of expansion of the sharing economy in Europe and beyond.