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Intended for non-majors, this introductory textbook covers a broad and exciting array of topics in the interaction of language and society. It focuses in particular on the complex political and sociological roles of the world's dominant language groups and nationalized languages, and the rapid extinction of minority languages

AbstractThis remark offers arguments against recent challenges to analyses that postulate verb‐stranding VP ellipsis (Idan Landau, "On the nonexistence of verb‐stranding VP‐ellipsis," 2020, Linguistic Inquiry 51.2.341–365; Satoshi Oku, "A note on ellipsis‐resistant constituents," 2016, Nanzan Linguistics 11.56–70). The article defends the verb‐stranding‐VP‐ellipsis hypothesis, arguing that it remains the strongest hypothesis available to account for many instances of ellipsis with null objects in languages such as Hindi, Bangla, and Japanese.

Since 1985, Pittsburgh has been hailed as a model of the livable city. Just like in the heady days of the steel industry when delegations arrived to learn industrial secrets, today they come to learn the secrets of civic rebirth. Tracy Neumann's Remaking the Rust Belt: The Postindustrial Transformation of North America is part of a growing historical literature that challenges a popular narrative of postindustrialism which treats the recent transformation of cities as an inevitable outcome of modern capitalism. Neumann persuasively argues that in the United States and Canada the remade city is the product of intentional actions by elite growth coalitions that "narrowly focused on creating the jobs, services, leisure activities, and cultural institutions that they believed would attract middle class professionals. In doing so, local officials abandoned social democratic goals in favor of corporate welfare programs, fostering an increasing economic inequality among their residents in the process."

Since 1985, Pittsburgh has been hailed as a model of the livable city. Just like in the heady days of the steel industry when delegations arrived to learn industrial secrets, today they come to learn the secrets of civic rebirth. Tracy Neumann's Remaking the Rust Belt: The Postindustrial Transformation of North America is part of a growing historical literature that challenges a popular narrative of postindustrialism which treats the recent transformation of cities as an inevitable outcome of modern capitalism. Neumann persuasively argues that in the United States and Canada the remade city is the product of intentional actions by elite growth coalitions that "narrowly focused on creating the jobs, services, leisure activities, and cultural institutions that they believed would attract middle class professionals. In doing so, local officials abandoned social democratic goals in favor of corporate welfare programs, fostering an increasing economic inequality among their residents in the process."

It is now recognised by politicians, experts and Indigenous people throughout Australia that a large gap exists between the educational achievements of Indigenous students compared to non-Indigenous students. There are many 'key performance indicators' that illustrate this: ability to read, count and write; transition from primary to secondary school; retention rates to year twelve; matriculation from school to vocational and tertiary study; and most importantly, school attendance. The Indigenous school attendance percentages in 2006 varied considerably between Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory, yet they can be grouped in a range of 71-86 per cent. Non-Indigenous students who are enrolled attend school approximately 95 per cent of the time. This indicates at best a 9 per cent gap, and at worst a 24 percentage point gap. These figures also roughly correlate to the percentage of Indigenous children not enrolled at school, compared to those non Indigenous children who are. The Commonwealth Government wants to close the 'education gap' and has allocated $2.1 billion over four years (2005-2008) to Indigenous education. Much of this comes in the form of Supplementary Recurrent Assistance (SRA) which, as the name suggests, supplements mainstream education funding. Over thirty Commonwealth initiatives are currently operating in an attempt to lift Indigenous performance. Two of these impact on attendance - the Dare to Lead programme and the Parent School Partnership Initiative (PSPI), which is a component of the Whole of School Intervention strategy. Dare to Lead targets school leadership by offering professional development and access to a broad range of resources and wider encouragement. It is based on the premise that if change is initiated at school and 'best practice' in teaching Indigenous students is adopted, then school attendance as well as numeracy and literacy should improve. The rationale driving the second programme is that while a relationship between a school and the parents or carers of Indigenous students is weak, school attendance and other positive outcomes will suffer. PSPIs are funded by the Commonwealth to improve this crucial relationship and create a partnership, so that both parties have an active stake in making sure Indigenous students regularly attend school. When both these Commonwealth initiatives are raised with the teachers and principals who have contact with Indigenous students, there is a mixed response. While they welcome much needed funding and resources, there is a general consensus that overcoming Indigenous disadvantage - in this case attendance problems - is hard to achieve by short-term initiatives. All state that Indigenous school attendance is a continual battle. Many believe they are up against generational problems and although there are small 'victories'. along the way, overall, major breakthroughs are hard to achieve in this area. When analysed, the two Commonwealth educational initiatives deal with irregular attendance (absenteeism), not non-attendance (non-enrolment). Although not all Commonwealth initiatives are attendance related, most of them operate in a similar way, that is, they reach out mainly to students already within the educational system's grasp. Herein lies the fundamental obstacle to improving the percentage of Indigenous enrolments. Yet it is difficult for schools to carry the added burden of finding who these students are, and to 'get them into school', when they do not currently have either the knowledge or the resources to do so. Absenteeism is an ongoing reality for governments to address, yet the real policy challenges faced by decision makers are chronic absenteeism, non-enrolment and Indigenous mobility. These three issues affect education outcomes and they are difficult for education initiatives to overcome. Mal Brough made the statement: "Getting children to school must be our first step". Because of their short-term nature, most attendance initiatives are not performing as well as the Government would like. Ultimately, to stop non-enrolment and chronic absenteeism, a point must be reached, where students do not want to be absent from school at all. What really matters is what Indigenous people think about school. If Indigenous students and their families are not sold on importance of attending school through the efforts of Dare to Lead and PSPI, these initiatives need reforming.

Book reviewed in this article:David Pesetsky, Phrasal Movement and Its Kin

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Introduction. Making the Medical Metropolis -- Chapter 1. Building Cities of Health: Medical Centers in Pittsburgh and Houston Before 1965 -- Chapter 2. The Hospital-Civic Relationship in the Shadow of the Great Society -- Chapter 3. City of Hearts, City of Livers: Specialty Medicine and the Creation of New Civic Identities -- Chapter 4. "When the Fire Dies": Biotechnology and the Quest for a New Economy -- Chapter 5. The Coming of the System: Changing Health Care Delivery in the Medical Metropolis -- Chapter 6. A Charitable Mission or a Profitable Charity? Redefining the Hospital-Civic Relationship -- Epilogue. The Future of the Medical Metropolis -- Notes -- Archival Collections and Abbreviations -- Index -- Acknowledgments

The web-site data.gov.uk (the UK's counterpart to the US's data.gov site) was launched in January 2010. The site proclaims that ``transparency is at the heart of this Government'' and that ``data.gov.uk is home to national & local data for free re-use.'' As part of an assignment for a masters-level course on Data Security at the University of Oxford, 18 part-time post-graduate students were asked to give consideration to the benefits and drawbacks of releasing public data, with particular focus being given to data.gov.uk. In this paper we describe the findings of four of these students and show how the issues raised---both in isolation and when taken in combination---may be a cause for concern, both to those responsible for releasing such data and to those to whom the data pertains. The discussion is not intended to be a critique of data.gov.uk per se; rather, our hope is that this contribution may play a role in the wider debate pertaining to the issues surrounding the release of public data.

Abstract In a recent study Diamond, Kirkham and Amso (2002) obtained evidence consistent with the claim that the day–night task requires inhibition because the picture and its corresponding conflicting response are semantically related. In their study children responded more accurately in a dog–pig condition (see /day picture/ say 'dog'; see /night picture/ say 'pig') than the standard day–night condition (see /day picture/ say 'night'; see /night picture/ say 'day'). However, there is another effect that may have made the day–night condition harder than the dog–pig condition: the response set effect. In the day–night condition the names of the two stimuli ('day' and 'night') and the two corresponding conflicting responses ('night' and 'day') are from the same response set: both 'day' and 'night'. In the dog–pig condition the names of the stimuli ('day', 'night') and the corresponding responses ('dog', 'pig') are from a different response set. In two experiments (Experiment 1 with 4‐year‐olds (n = 25); Experiment 2 with

, 4‐, 5‐, 7‐ and 11‐year‐olds (n = 81)) children were tested on four experimental conditions that enabled the effects of semantics and response set to be separated. Overall, our data suggest that response set is a major factor in creating the inhibitory demands of the day–night task in children of all ages. Results are discussed in relation to other inhibitory tasks.

AbstractUsing the format of a false belief task (Wimmer & Perner, 1983), we investigated the ability of 88 3‐ and 4‐year‐olds to ascribe a previously held true belief to a story protagonist. In an unexpected transfer task, children found true belief ascription as difficult as false belief ascription even though they could answer memory questions about story details. Results are discussed in relation to theoretical accounts of theory of mind development that stress the importance of understanding the falsity of belief, and those accounts that stress the importance of information or executive processes.

Brazil was heralded for completion of the first genome sequence of a plant pathogen following the development of a virtual research center — a collaborative network of laboratories throughout the state of São Paulo, drawing on the expertise of a dispersed and diverse scientific community and on investment from both the government and the private sector. Strategies key to the success of this model are discussed here in the context of continuing collaborative scientific endeavors in both developed and developing countries.

The issue of how interpretation results from the form and type of syntactic structures present in language is one which is central and hotly debated in both theoretical and descriptive linguistics. This volume brings together a series of eleven new cutting-edge essays by leading experts in East Asian languages which shows how the study of formal structures and functional morphemes in Chinese, Japanese and Korean adds much to our general understanding of the close connections between form and interpretation. This specially commissioned collection will be of interest to linguists of all backgrounds working in the general area of syntax and language change, as well as those with a special interest in Chinese, Japanese and Korean.

Abstract
A furnace-based thermal gravimetric method was developed to measure wood in inhalable construction dust. The application of this method showed that reliance on the inhalable concentrations alone may substantially overestimate carpenters' exposures to wood dust at construction worksites. Test samples were prepared by collecting aerosols of gypsum, calcite, quartz, concrete, and wood dust onto quartz fibre filters using the Button inhalable sampler. The average difference between the measured and loaded mass of wood is 2% over the whole analytical range. Ninety percent of thermogravimetric measurements on all test samples (n = 35) were 13% or less. The limit of detection was measured as 0.065 mg. The thermal gravimetric method was applied to samples collected from four new build construction sites and one shop fitting worksite. The workplace inhalable wood dust results ranged from 15% to 104% of the total inhalable dust values. In addition, an x-ray diffraction (XRD) Rietveld method was applied as a complimentary approach to explain the composition of the remaining inhalable dust. Most combined thermal gravimetric and XRD measurements were within 10% of the total inhalable dust mass values, determined gravimetrically. Ninety-five percent were within 26%. The median proportion of mineral dust containing gypsum, calcite, quartz, dolomite, or rutile was 30%. The proportion of mineral dust on individual filters varied considerably.

Abstract
To generate new intelligence on occupational exposure to wood dust in woodworking manufacturing activities in Britain, the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) performed 22 occupational hygiene site visits to assess exposure and exposure controls between 2014 and 2017. The work aimed to characterise good practice and therefore sites with a poor health and safety record, as identified from HSE inspection records, were not invited to participate. Sites selected covered furniture production, joinery, saw milling, and boat building and repair. Twenty-three follow-up telephone interviews were also carried out across 15 of the companies with supervisors and managers to explore how they tried to promote good practice among the workforce, and if there are any potential challenges encountered. The aim of the interviews was to gain a better understanding of how to enable organisations to improve the management of wood dust exposure.
This study found that 6.0% of all wood dust exposure measurements (15 out of 252) were above 5 mg/m³, and 17.6% of exposures to hardwood dust or mixtures of hardwood and softwood dust (38 out of 216) were above 3 mg/m³ (the then current and future workplace exposure limits). Sanding, cleaning, and maintenance activities were of particular concern. Improvements to exposure controls are required, in particular, improvements to local exhaust ventilation controls for hand-held power tools and hand sanding. The management, selection, and use of respiratory protective equipment were poor.
All the managers and supervisors recognised that exposure to wood dust can pose serious health risks, and that controls were crucial to protecting workers' health. The findings from the telephone interviews suggest that supervision and provision of information about the health effects of exposure to wood dust were common approaches that organisations used to raise awareness and promote good practice, in relation to managing wood dust exposure. Worker attitudes towards controls, such as perceptions that they hinder task completion and habitual ways of working, were identified as factors influencing the use of controls. Risk communication approaches that focus on increasing workers' awareness of their susceptibility to ill-health using credible sources, such as peers, can help enhance the uptake of messages on the use of controls. Financial constraints were identified as a challenge to improving the control of wood dust, particularly for small companies.